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Introduction to Clinical Immunology > Introduction to Clinical Immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to Clinical Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

how long does it take for innate immunity to be initiated

A

0-4 hours

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2
Q

how long does it take for inflammation to be initiated

A

4-96 hours

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3
Q

what is clinical immunology

A

the study of diseases caused by disorders of normal immunological mechanisms

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4
Q

where can the immune system go wrong?

A

absence
failure
aberrant action
malignant growth

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5
Q

how is HIV transmitted

A

via transfer of bodily fluids

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6
Q

what is the main entry for HIV

A

via mucosal surfaces of genital and gastrointestinal tract

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7
Q

what is the tropism for HIV

A

CD4+ T lymphocytes

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8
Q

how can we detect if someone has been infected with HIV

A

Abs against viral proteins
peak viral load in plasma (PCR)
killing of cd4+ t lymphocytes

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9
Q

which T lymphocytes respond to viral infections

A

cytotoxic T cells CD8+

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10
Q

when is HIV infection classed as AIDS?

A

When CD4 count is <~400

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11
Q

rapid diagnostic test for HIV

A

detection of antibodies against p24 antigen

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12
Q

what HIV tests to clinical immunology tests do?

A

monitors CD4+ T lymphocyte counts

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13
Q

what HIV tests to virology carry out?

A

monitors viral load (copies/ml)

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14
Q

what is forms the guide recommendations for HAART/prophylaxis?

A

cd4 count and viral load

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15
Q

what are the main analytical methods used in clinical immunology?

A

immunoassays
immunofluorescence
flow cytometry
electrophoresis
spectrophotometry

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16
Q

groups of clinical immunology disorders

A

immunodeficiency
allergy
autoimmunity
hematological malignancies

17
Q

what is an immunodefieincy?

A

a lack of a (functional) component of the immune system

18
Q

what are immunodeficient patients prone to?

A

prone to Severe Persistent Unusual or Recurrent (SPUR) infection

19
Q

what are primary immunodeficiencies?

A

inborn errors of immunity genetically inherited

20
Q

how many pts ~ with PID

A

5000 pts in UK

21
Q

what are secondary immunodeficines?

A

acquired during lifetime

22
Q

main causes of primary immunodeficiencies

A

antibody deficiencies
cellular deficiencies
complement deficiencies
functional deficiencies

23
Q

main causes of secondary immunodeficiencies

A

age
medication
infection
malignancy

24
Q

what is hypersensitivity

A

a heightened immune response to a harmless antigen

25
Q

what is type I hypersensitivity

A

IgE-mediated mast cell activation

for examples allergies against pollen, bee venom, animal dander
extreme reactions = anaphylaxis

26
Q

what is a type II mediated hypersensitivity

A

IgG-mediated cytotoxicity

e.g. autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
anti-GBM (Goodpasture’s) disease

27
Q

what is a type III hypersensitivity?

A

immune complexes

e.g. rheumatoid arthritis

28
Q

what is type IV hypersensitivity

A

T lymphocyte mediated

e.g. contact dermatitis
graft rejection

29
Q

what is autoimmunity

A

a heightened immune response to a self-antigen

30
Q

what is SLE an example or

A

a type III hypersensitivity

31
Q

what is SLE

A

connective tissue disease
anti-nuclear antibodies to dsDNA

32
Q

classis symptom of SLE

A

malar ‘butterfly’ rash

33
Q

what is coeliac disease?

A

immune response to ingested gluten
anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA - immunoassay
anti-endomysial IgA - immunofluorescence

34
Q

what type of hypersensitivity is coeliac considered to be>

A

type 4

35
Q

what is malignancy

A

transformation of (immune cells) due to somatic mutation(s) and subsequent failure to control proliferation

36
Q

what are leukaemias

A

cancers - defect at immature progenitor stage

37
Q

what are lymphomas

A

cancers - defect of mature progenitor stage

38
Q

what is myeloma

A

defect of plasma cells

39
Q
A

Introduction to Clinical Immunology (7 decks)

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