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Block 3 Anatomy > Introduction to CNS anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to CNS anatomy Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What 4 things does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Retina
CN II

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2
Q

What are the 2 main cell types of the nervous system?

A

Neurons

Neuroglia (glial cells)

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3
Q

Which type of nervous system cell is more abundant?

A

Neuroglial cells

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4
Q

What are the 4 main types of neuroglial cells found in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

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5
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Production of the myelin sheath which surround axons in the CNS

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6
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Maintain the blood-brain barrier and control the exchange of chemicals between the circulatory system and nervous tissue

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7
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Proliferate and migrate to site of injury in CNS – carry out phagocytosis

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8
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Line the ventricles and choroid plexus and produce CSF

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9
Q

What are the 2 main types of neuroglial cells found in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

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10
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Regulate nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around the neurons and ganglia

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11
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Myelination of axons in the PNS

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12
Q

Which horn of the spinal cord does sensory information enter?

A

Dorsal horn

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13
Q

Which days does the cranial neuropore and caudal neuropore close in embryonic development?

A

Cranial neuropore – day 25

Caudal neuropore – day 27

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14
Q

Which pathology can develop if the cranial neuropore does not close?

A

Anencephaly

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15
Q

Which pathology can develop if the caudal neuropore does not close?

A

Spina bifida

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16
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

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17
Q

The prosencephalon becomes which 2 secondary brain vesicles?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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18
Q

The mesencephalon becomes which secondary brain vesicle?

A

Mesencephalon

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19
Q

The rhombencephalon becomes which 2 secondary brain vesicles?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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20
Q

The telencephalon becomes which brain structure?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

The diencephalon becomes which brain structures?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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22
Q

The mesencephalon becomes which brain structure?

A

Midbrain

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23
Q

The metencephalon becomes which brain structures?

A

Pons
Cerebellum

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24
Q

The myelencephalon becomes which brain structure?

A

Medulla

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25
Which structure connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus callosum
26
The central sulcus separates which lobes?
Frontal and parietal lobe
27
Which brain structure is the primary motor cortex?
Pre-central gyrus
28
Which brain structure is the primary somatosensory cortex?
Post-central gyrus
29
Which sulcus borders the temporal lobe superiorly?
Lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)
30
What is the main sulcus of the occipital lobe?
Calcarine sulcus
31
Which gyrus surrounds the corpus callosum?
Cingulate gyrus
32
The left cerebral hemisphere looks after which 3 special functions?
Speech Writing Language
33
The right cerebral hemisphere looks after which 2 special functions?
Spatial perception Facial recognition
34
The cortex (grey matter) is made up of what?
Cell bodies
35
The white matter of the brain is made up of what?
Myelinated axons
36
Is the corpus callosum grey or white matter?
White
37
The white matter of the brain is organised into which 2 main structures?
Corona radiata Internal capsule
38
Define what is meant by a nucleus in the CNS.
A collection of neuronal cell bodies at a point of synapse that share a similar function and projection
39
The internal capsule sits between which 2 structures?
Thalamus + basal ganglia
40
Which 3 nuclei constitute the basal ganglia?
Putamen Caudate Globus pallidus
41
Which nuclei combine to form the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen + globus pallidus
42
Which nuclei combine to form the striatum?
Putamen + caudate
43
What is prosopagnosia?
Inability to recognise faces
44
What are the 3 types of fibres found in the brain? What is the function of each one?
Association fibres – connect different areas within the same hemisphere Commissural fibres – connect corresponding areas in the two hemispheres of the brain Projection fibres – connect cerebral cortex to brainstem and spinal cord
45
What is CN I?
Olfactory
46
What is CN II?
Optic
47
What is CN III?
Oculomotor
48
What is CN IV?
Trochlear
49
What is CN V?
Trigeminal
50
What is CN VI?
Abducens
51
What is CN VII?
Facial
52
What is CN VIII?
Vestibulocochlear
53
What is CN IX?
Glossopharyngeal
54
What is CN X?
Vagus
55
What is CN XI?
Accessory
56
What is CN XII?
Hypoglossal
57
Which fibres are found in the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain?
Descending motor fibres of the corticospinal tract
58
Which CN emerges from between the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain, via the interpeduncular fossa?
Oculomotor
59
Which structures found on the posterior brainstem are responsible for visual and auditory relay?
Superior + inferior colliculus
60
Which CN is the only one to arise from the posterior side of the brainstem?
Trochlear
61
Which muscle and optical pathologies could result from damage to the cerebellum?
Ataxia + nystagmus
62
What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?
Anterior Posterior Flocculonodular
63
Would damage to the cerebellum present with ipsilateral or contralateral symptoms?
Ipsilateral
64
Which areas of the cerebellum might be affected by increased intracranial pressure and what could this cause?
Tonsils of the posterior lobe may descend through the foramen magnum and compress the medulla
65
Blood supply to the brain and brainstem is from which 2 major arteries?
Internal carotid artery Vertebral artery
66
What are the 3 meningeal layers?
Dura Arachnoid mater Pia mater
67
What are the layers of the dura?
Periosteal layer Meningeal layer
68
What is located between the two layers of the dura?
Dural venous sinus
69
What is located in the sub-arachnoid space?
CSF
70
What is the name of the fold of the meningeal layer of dura between the cerebral hemispheres?
Falx cerebri
71
What is the name of the fold of the meningeal layer of dura between the cerebellar hemispheres?
Falx cerebelli
72
What is the name of the fold of the meningeal layer of dura between the occipital lobe and cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
73
What is the function of the diaphragm sellae?
Forms a protective pocket for the pituitary gland
74
What are the 6 main sinuses of the brain?
Superior sagittal Inferior sagittal Straight Transverse Sigmoid Cavernous
75
What causes spina bifida?
Failure of caudal neuropore to close
76
What causes anencephaly?
Failure of cranial neuropore to close
77
What type of fibre is the corpus callosum?
Commissural fibre
78
What type of fibre is the internal capsule?
Projection fibre

Block 3 Anatomy (13 decks)

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