Introduction to Computer Fundamentals

Question 1

analyze and transform data in a wide range of forms

Answer 1

computers

Question 2

provide the foundation for comprehending and utilizing the potential of current computing technologies

Answer 2

Computer basics

Question 3

capable of transforming data into valuable information

Answer 3

computers

Question 4

Emerging Technologies

Answer 4

Artificial Intelligence, quantum computing, Internet of Things (IoT)

Question 5

Types of Computer

Answer 5

Super Computer, Mainframe Computers, Minicomputers (Midrange Computers), Workstations, Personal Computers (PCs), Tablet Computers, Smartphone, Embedded Computer, Quantum Computers (Emerging Technology)

Question 6

strongest and fastest computers in use; designed to analyze vast volumes of data quickly and efficiently while carrying out sophisticated computations

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Super Computer

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uses includes scientific research, weather forecasting, nuclear simulations, molecular and climate modeling

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Super Computer

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Enormous, potent computers with several processors and large amounts of storage; have a reputation for dependability, security, and capacity to manage huge amounts of data and transactions at once

Answer 8

Mainframe Computers

Question 9

uses include management of databases, processing of financial transactions, operation of enterprise-level applications

Answer 9

Mainframe Computers

Question 10

also known as Midrange Computers

Answer 10

Minicomputers

Question 11

can process large amounts of data; multi-user settings frequently employ them

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Minicomputers

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uses include serving small to medium sized organizations, engineering, scientific research

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Minicomputers

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less costly than supercomputers but more powerful than PCs

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Workstations

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designed for specific activities such as 3D rendering, CAD, scientific simulations

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Workstations

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Uses include graphic design, architecture, engineering, jobs that demand a lot of computer power

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Workstations

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most popular sort of computer

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Personal Computers (PCs)

Question 17

may be found in both desktop and laptop configurations; general-purpose operating systems; meant for personal usage

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Personal Computers (PCs)

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uses include office work, internet surfing, gaming, multimedia entertainment

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Personal Computers (PCs)

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small, portable, touchscreen tablets without physical keyboard; made to be mobile and simple to use

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Tablet Computers

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uses include online browsing, email, reading e-books, running mobile apps, healthcare, education

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Tablet Computers

Question 21

compact, pocket-sized gadgets with strong processing capabilities; integrate functions for computer, multimedia, and communication

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Smartphone

Question 22

uses include making calls, sending messages, email, social networking, navigation, gaming, photography, other mobile apps

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Smartphone

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specialized systems incorporated into other machines or equipment; made to carry particular tasks

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Embedded Computer

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uses include home appliances, vehicle systems, medical equipment, industrial gear

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Embedded Computer

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building blocks for calculations of quantum computers

Answer 25

Quantum bits (qubits)

Question 26

might be exponentially more efficient than traditional computers in solving complicated issues

Answer 26

Quantum Computers

Question 27

uses include resolving challenging scientific, cryptography, and optimization issues

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Quantum Computers

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Components of a computer

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Central Processing Unit (CPU), Memory (RAM), Storage Devices, Input Devices, Output Devices, Motherboard

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known as the "brain" of the computer

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CPU

Question 30

responsible for carrying out computations and executing commands

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CPU

Question 31

short-term storage area where the computer keeps active data and instructions

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Memory (RAM)

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primary circuit board; links and enables communication between all parts

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motherboard

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made up of programs, applications, and operating system

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Software

Question 34

controls hardware resources

Answer 34

Operating System (OS)

Question 35

three most popular operating system

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Windows, macOS, Linux

Question 36

Types of Mobile Operating System

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iOS, Android, Blackberry OS, Windows Phone OS, Symbian, WebOS, Windows Mobile

Question 37

open source OS created by Google

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Android

Question 38

proprietary, closed-source OS created by Microsoft

Answer 38

Windows Phone OS

Question 39

Nokia devices on the original smartphone OS

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Symbian

Question 40

originally intended for cellphones, now utilized with smart TVs

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WebOS

Question 41

mobile and pocket PC version created by Microsoft

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Windows Mobile

Question 42

serves as the raw material from which information is derived and may require processing to become useful information

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data

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end result of processing data; purpose is to provide knowledge or facilitate decision-making

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information

Question 44

created by programmers to train computers to do specified tasks; teaches the computer what to do

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algorithms

Question 45

used to create code that implements these techniques

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programming languages

Question 46

programming languages (according sa module lang!!)

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Python, Java, C++

Question 47

enable computers to exchange information, resources, and services over long distance

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Computer Networks

Question 48

Types of Connectivity and Network

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Wired Networking, Wireless Networking, Cellular Networking, Satellite Networking, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networking, Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), Cloud Networking, Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Industrial Networking, Intranet and Extranet

Question 49

Types of Wired Networking

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Ethernet, Fiber Optic, Coaxial Cable

Question 50

provides dependable, fast connectivity; one of the most popular forms of wired networking, connecting devices to a local area network (LAN) or the internet using cables (often CAT5e or CAT6)

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Ethernet

Question 51

convey data via light; provide incredibly high capacity and long-distance communication

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Fiber Optic

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frequently used in data centers and for high-speed internet backbones

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Fiber Optic

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bandwidth and signal quality are good; frequently employed in cable television and high-speed internet connections

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Coaxial Cable

Question 54

Types of Wireless Networking

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Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC (Near Field Communication), Zigbee and Z-Wave

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permits wireless short-range communication between devices; frequently used for data transmission and contactless payments

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NFC (Near Field Communication)

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intended for low-power, low-data-rate uses (such as IoT and smart homes)

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Zigbee and Z-Wave

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gives mobile devices wireless internet connection; include 3G, 4G, LTE, 5G

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Cellular Networking

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internet connection in remote or rural locations where wired or cellular networks would not be accessible is made possible; makes use of satellites circling the Earth

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Satellite Networking

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devices connect without the need of a central server; frequently utilized for decentralized apps and file sharing

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Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networking

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establish private, secure connections across a public network, often the internet

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Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

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frequently utilized to provide remote access to private networks and safeguard the privacy of data

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Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

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enables remote access to data and apps for both organizations and people

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Cloud Networking

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sends data packets

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data plane

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controls network traffic

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control plane

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networking strategy that divides the data plane from the control plane; more flexibility and control over network resources

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Software-Defined Networking (SDN)

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connects machines, sensors, and control systems in manufacturing and automation environments

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Industrial Networking

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Examples of Industrial Networking

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Profibus, Modbus, Ethernet/IP

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serve as a platform for cooperation and internal communication

Answer 68

Intranet and Extranet

Question 69

provide limited access to the public

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Extranets

Question 70

internal networks that are only accessible by members of the company

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Intranets

Question 71

integral aspect of the digital age

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Security and Privacy

Question 72

Types of Security

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Cybersecurity, Physical Security, Information Security, Network Security

Question 73

policies and procedures used to guard against unwanted access, assaults, and damage to computer networks, systems, and data

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Cybersecurity

Question 74

Cybersecurity includes:

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Firewalls, Antivirus Software, Encryption, Access Controls, Incident Response

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filter network traffic and prevent malicious access

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Firewalls

Question 76

detect and remove malware

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Antivirus Software

Question 77

make it unreadable to unauthorized users

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Encryption

Question 78

implementing strong user authentication and authorization systems

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Access Controls

Question 79

having plans in place to address and recover from security breaches

Answer 79

Incident Response

Question 80

includes defending physical asserts, data centers, and equipment from damage or theft in addition to protecting against digital threats

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Physical Security

Question 81

protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information; includes trade secrets, customer data, and proprietary information

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Information Security

Question 82

ensures safety of data transmission across networks, preventing eavesdropping or data interception

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Network Security

Question 83

Types of Privacy

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Data Privacy, Online Privacy, Surveillance and Government Privacy

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individuals’ control over their personal information and how it is collected, used, shared, and stored by organizations and institutions

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Data Privacy

Question 85

key aspects of data privacy

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consent, data minimization, transparency, access and correction, data protection

Question 86

collecting only the necessary data and nothing more

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data minimization

Question 87

concerns related to online activities; tools like VPNs and browser privacy settings help protect this

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Online Privacy

Question 88

significance of surveillance and government privacy

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individual rights, trust, legal and regulatory compliance, business competitiveness, national security, ethical considerations

Question 89

computer's actual hardware

Answer 89

hardware

Question 90

hardware is comprised of:

Answer 90

CPU, memory, storage devices, input/output devices

Question 91

comprises of OS, programs, applications

Answer 91

software

Question 92

software is comprised of:

Answer 92

OS, programs, applications