Introduction to Computer Fundamentals and Programming Flashcards by Jiline Kintanar

Types of Computer Hardware

Input Unit
Output Unit
Memory Unit
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
CPU (Central Processing Unit)

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obtains information from various input devices

Input Unit

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• places information

Input Unit

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keyboard, mouse devices

Input Unit

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• takes information processed by the computer

Output Unit

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• places on various output devices

Output Unit

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• screens, printed on paper, used to control other devices

Output Unit

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• stores information

Memory Unit

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RAM (Random Access Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Two Types of Memory Unit

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• performs all arithmetic and logic operations

ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)

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• supervises the overall operation of the computer

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

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permanent storage area for programs

secondary storage device

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examples of secondary storage device

magnetic tapes, magnetic disks, optical storage CD, magnetic hard disks, floppy disks, CD ROM

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set of instructions used to operate a computer to produce specific result.

Computer Program

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writing computer programs

Computer Programming

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languages used to create programs

Programming Language

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program or a set of programs

Software

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• lowest level of computer languages

Machine Languages

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• consists of 1s and 0s

Machine Languages

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programs can control directly to the computer’s hardware

Machine Languages

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Two Parts of Machine Language Instructions

Instruction Part (opcode)

Address Part

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• perform the same tasks as machine languages

Assembly Languages

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• uses symbolic names for opcodes and operands instead of 1s and 0s

Assembly Languages

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must be translated into machine language program before it can be executed on a computer

Assembly Languages

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ASSEMBLER

Assembly Language Program → Translation Program (assembler) → Machine Language Program

create computer programs using instructions that is much easier to understand.

High Level Programming Language

• allow programmers to write instructions that look like every English sentences and commonly used mathematical notations.

High Level Programming Language

program which translate high level languages into a low level language/ translates programming code into a low level format

compiler

refers to each line in a high level language

statement

WELL-KNOWN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

1. FORTRAN (1957) 2. COBOL (1960) 3. BASIC (1960) 4. PASCAL (1971) - Structure Programming 5. C 6. C++ - Object-oriented Programming 7. Java

set of rules for writing correct language statements.

Syntax

C Programming Language

• used exclusively on UNIX and on mini-computers.

in 1980s, _____________ were written for other platforms, including PCs.

C compilers

standard version of C created by ANSI

ANSI C

• much closer to assembly language other than other high level programming languages

often run faster and more efficiently than other high level programming language.

• created by Bjarne Stroutrup based on C language in Bell Labaratories in 1985.

C++ Programming Language

• an extension of C that adds object-oriented programming capabilities.

C++ Programming Language

• now the most popular programming language for writing programs in Windows and Macintosh

C++ Programming Language

standardized version of C++

ANSI C++

contains useful functions, variables, constants, and other programming items that you can add to your programs.

run-time libraries

ANSI C++ run time library

Standard Template or Standard C++ Library

• research activity in the 1960s

Structured Programming

• discipline approach to writing programs that are clearer that unstructured programs, easier to test and debug, and easier to modify

Structured Programming

was designed for teaching structured programming in academic environments and rapidly became the preferred programming languages in most universities.

Pascal (Niklaus Wirth) in 1971

• another revolution in software community in 1980s

Object Oriented Programming

• allow programmers to use programming objects that they have written themselves or by others.

Object Oriented Programming

• creation of reusable software objects that can be easily incorporated into another program.

Object Oriented Programming

reusable software components that model items in the real world

objects

programming code and data that can be treated as an individual unit or component.

object

information contained within variables, constants, and other types of storage structures

data

procedures associated with an object

functions or methods

variables associated with an object

properties or attributes

concerned with creating readable, efficient. reliable, and maintainable programs and systems.

Software Engineering

THREE OVERLAPPING PHASES:

PHASE 1: Development and Design PHASE 2: Documentation PHASE 3: Maintenance

sequence of steps that describes how the data are to be processed to produce the desired outputs.

Algorithm

requires collecting critical documents during the analysis, design, coding, and testing.

Documentation

• can be described by using flowchart symbols

Algorithms

• can be also described by pseudocodes.

Algorithms

outline of basic structure or logic of the program

Flow chart

• are not convenient to revise and have fallen out of favor by programmers.

Flow chart

• Flow chart symbols:

a. Rounded Rectangle - Terminal b. Parallelogram - Input/Output c. Rectangle - Process d. Arrows - flowlines e. Diamond - decisions

• gained increasing acceptance

Pseudocodes

• English-like phases to describe an algorithm

Pseudocodes

• very important concept in programming

Loop

volatile

RAM (Random Access Memory)

stores program and data when using computer

RAM (Random Access Memory)

non-volatile

ROM (Read Only Memory)

fundamental instructions that cannot be lost or changed by the user

ROM (Read Only Memory)

tells computers the operation to be performed.

instruction part (opcode)

specifies the memory address of the data to be used in the instruction.

address part

programs written written to perform particular tasks required by the users.

Application Software

○ collection of programs that must be available to any computer system for it to operate.

System Software

most important system software

operating system

operating systems that allow to run multiple programs.

multitasking systems

is also a system software aside from operating system.

language translators