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7050: Clinical Medicine > Introduction to Concepts of Pathology > Flashcards

Introduction to Concepts of Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology:

A
  • the branch of medicine that investigates the essential nature, origin, and path of disease
  • structural and functional changes produced by a disease
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2
Q

Pathologist:

A

examines laboratory samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes

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3
Q

Clinical pathology vs Anatomical pathology:

A

use of laboratory analysis of body fluid vs examination of tissue to diagnose and apply solutions to clinical problems

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4
Q

Pathogenesis:

A

the development of unhealthy conditions or disease biologic mechanism

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5
Q

Germ Theory

A
  • Pasteur in the mid 1800s proposed that a specific microorganism was capable of causing infectious disease
  • States that many diseases are caused by microorganisms
  • Environment and hereditary factors influence the severity of the disease
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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

the body’s ability to maintain its internal environment in a constant state of equilibrium despite external influences

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7
Q

Homeostasis Theory

A
  • Injury occurs when the cells or tissues have been required to adapt beyond their limitations
  • Illness is the result of an imbalance in the body’s ability to regulate the internal environment
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8
Q

Intellectual Disability
Executive functions:

A

cortical functions involved in formulating goals and planning, initiating, monitoring, and maintaining behavior

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9
Q

Intellectual Disability
Behavior:

A

not only overt motor behavior but also affective and social behavior

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10
Q

Intellectual Disability
Complex problem solving:

A

effective handling of new information

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11
Q

Intellectual Disability
Information processing:

A

speed with which information travels from one part of the brain to another ie. auditory or visual processing disorder

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12
Q

Intellectual Disability
Memory deficits:

A

result from a failure to store or retrieve information ie. short term, long term

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13
Q

Intellectual Disability
Learning disability:

A

difficulty acquiring information in specific domains in a person with normal or near-normal intelligence ie. ADHD

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14
Q

Health is more accurately viewed as a continuum =

A

on which wellness is on one end as the optimum level of function and illness so unfavorable as to result in death is on the other

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15
Q

Health is a dynamic process =

A

that varies with changes in interactions between an individual and his or her environment

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16
Q

Illness =

A
  • the perception and response of the person to not being well
  • can affect the body or mind in a myriad of different capacities
  • can be a perceived notion of unwellness or derive from self-diagnosis
  • can fall under a generalized periscope of health maladies
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17
Q

Disease =

A
  • a biologic or psychologic alteration that results in a malfunction of a body organ or system
  • usually describes a biomedical condition
  • has a specific result on a body part or function
  • must be diagnosed by a medical expert
  • named by a pathological biomedical identification label or marker such as diabetes, sickle-cell anemia, or lupus
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18
Q

Acute Illness/Disease =

A
  • Usually refers to an illness or disease that has a relatively rapid onset and short duration
  • Not synonymous with “severe”
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19
Q

Chronic Illness/Disease =

A

Illnesses that include one or more of the following characteristics:

  • Permanent impairment or disability
  • Residual physical or cognitive disability
  • Need for special rehabilitation or long-term medical management
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20
Q

The ADA defines a person with a disability as

A

a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activity

a person who has a history or record of such an impairment

a person who is perceived by others as having such an impairment

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21
Q

___ of the U.S. population or ___ people currently live with a disability

A

20%

61 million

22
Q

Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)

A

a disability is any condition of the body or mind (impairment) that makes it more difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities (activity limitation) and interact with the world around them (participation restrictions)

23
Q

Disability Models:

A
  • medical model
  • functional model
  • social model
24
Q

Medical Model =

A
  • disability as a consequence of a health condition, disease or cause by a trauma
  • disrupt the functioning of a person in a physiological or cognitive way
25
Q

Functional Model =

A
  • disability is caused by physical, medical or cognitive deficits
  • limits functioning or the ability to perform functional activities
26
Q

Social Model =

A
  • A person’s activities are limited not by the impairment or condition but by the enviornment
  • barriers are consequences of a lack of social organization
27
Q

Biomedical Model =

A
  • Mid-19th century
  • Explains disease as a result of malfunctioning organs or cells
  • Focuses on cause-and-effect relationships but does not take into account psychosocial components of disease
  • Predominant model used by physicians in diagnosing disease
28
Q

Social Model of Disability =

A
  • the problem is how society is arranged not the disabled person
  • only stairs, with no ramps or lift
  • inaccessible buildings and housing
  • discrimination and segregation
  • segregated schooling
  • multiple barriers to employment
29
Q

Nagi Disablement Model
Dimensions of the model:

A

pathophysiology ->
impairment ->
functional limitations ->
disability ->
societal limitations

30
Q

Nagi Disablement Model
Level of displacement:

A

cellular ->
body systems ->
whole person ->
person’s relation to society ->
barriers

31
Q

Biopsychosocial Model:

A

> Broad view that attributes disease outcomes to several factors

  • Biologic: genetic, biochemical
  • Psychological: mood, personality, behavior
  • Social: cultural, familial, socioeconomic

> Complex interaction of attributes

32
Q

International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)

A
  • Framework use by the World Health Organization (WHO)
  • classifies and code information about health and provide standard language for functioning, disability, and health
33
Q

ICF components include these:

A

> Body functions and structures

> Activities and participation

> Environmental and personal factors

34
Q

It is a classification of health and health-related domains:

A

> domains that help us to describe:

  • changes in body function and structure
  • what a person with a health condition can do in a standard environment (their level of capacity)
  • as well as what they actually do in their usual environment (their level of performance)
35
Q

ICF domains are classified from body, individual and societal perspectives by means of:

A

> body functions and structure
activity
participation

36
Q

Functioning =

A

refers to all body functions, activities and participation

37
Q

Disability =

A

is an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions

38
Q

ICF also considers ___ that interact with all these components

A

environmental factors

39
Q

Body functions and structures are defined as

A

physiologic or psychologic functions of body systems or parts

40
Q

Impairments =

A

problems in a body function or structure

41
Q

Activity =

A

the execution of specific tasks

42
Q

Activity limitations =

A

difficulties a person might have in executing activities

43
Q

Participation =

A

the individual’s involvement in life situations

44
Q

Participation restrictions =

A

problems the individual might have in real-life situations

45
Q

Research has proved correlation between __ and disease

A

risk factors

46
Q

Research has proven that many of today’s illnesses can be ___

A

prevented

47
Q

Disease prevention has gained momentum and is at the forefront of ___ and health care issues

A

public health

48
Q

Preventive medicine is categorized as

A

primary, secondary, or tertiary

49
Q

Primary prevention =

A

intervening before health effects occur

50
Q

Secondary prevention =

A

screening to identify diseases

51
Q

Tertiary prevention =

A

managing disease post diagnosis

7050: Clinical Medicine (3 decks)

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