Introduction to dosage forms & drug delivery systems

Question 1

Definition of Pharmaceutics

Answer 1

Pharmaceutics is the science of formulating, manufacturing, and ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications for patient use

Question 2

Definition of Advanced Pharmaceutics

Answer 2

Advanced Pharmaceutics focuses on innovative drug delivery technologies and complex formulation techniques to enhance therapeutic outcomes.

Question 3

Definition of Drug

Answer 3

Drug is a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to enhance physical or mental well-being.

Question 4

Definition of Dose

Answer 4

Dose is the specific quantity of a drug administered at one time to achieve a therapeutic effect.

Question 5

Definition of a Dosage Form

Answer 5

The physical form in which a drug is delivered to patients, such as tablets, capsules, liquids, or injections.

Question 6

Drug is?

Answer 6

Medicinal agent = active ingredient = active constituent

Question 7

Excipient is?

Answer 7

Additive = adjuvant

Question 8

Dosage form is?

Answer 8

Drug + excipients (+ appropriate manufacturing conditions)

Question 9

What are the 8 needs for a correct Dosage Form?

Answer 9

1. Accurate dose
2. Protection from gastric juice
3. Masking taste and odour
4. Placement of drugs within body tissues
5. Controlled release medication
6. Optimal drug action
7. Insertion of drugs into body cavities
8. Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs

Question 10

2 Therapeutic considerations in Dosage Form design

Answer 10

1. Nature of the disease or illness
2. Age of the patient

Question 11

2 Biopharmaceutical considerations

Answer 11

1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, protein binding etc.
2. Concept of bioavailability

Question 12

What is drug design?

Answer 12

Drug design is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of the biological target.

Question 13

Reasons to design new drugs (2)

Answer 13

1. New diseases being discovered everyday
   2.The therapeutic efficacy of the drug is low, to enhance the efficiency, new drugs are designed
2. To overcome the side effects of the drugs
3. To overcome the cost of therapy

Question 14

What are tablets?

Answer 14

Compressed solid preparations containing an active drug

Question 15

What are uncoated tablets?

Answer 15

Simple compressed forms without any external coating

Question 16

What are film coated tablets

Answer 16

Tablets coated with a thin polymer film for protection or modified release

Question 17

What are enteric-coated tablets

Answer 17

Coated to prevent drug release in the stomach, dissolve in the intestines

Question 18

What are effervescent tablets

Answer 18

Designed to dissolve in water before ingestion, releasing gas

Question 19

What are capsules

Answer 19

Soluble gelatin shells containing drugs in solid or liquid forms

Question 20

What are hard gelatin capsules

Answer 20

Contain powdered of granulated drugs

Question 21

What are soft gelatin capsules (SOFTGELS)

Answer 21

Contain liquids/semi-liquids, commonly oils or suspensions.

Question 22

What are granules

Answer 22

Agglomerated particles of powder, often for reconstruction into a liquid

Question 23

What are lonzenges/tronches

Answer 23

Solid oral forms meant to dissolve slowly in the mouth for local effect on the throat

Question 24

What are pellets

Answer 24

Small, sterile cylinders or spheres implanted under the skin for controlled drug release over extended periods

Question 25

What are transdermal patches?

Answer 25

Solid forms delivering drugs through the skin into the bloodstream over time

Question 26

Definition of solutions

Answer 26

Homogenous mixtures where the active ingredient is dissolved in a solvent

Question 27

What are topical solutions?

Answer 27

Applied to the skin or mucous membranes

Question 28

What are parenteral solutions

Answer 28

Sterile solutions administered by injection (e.g. intravenous, intramuscular)

Question 29

What are ophthalmic solution

Answer 29

Sterile solutions for eye administration

Question 30

What are suspensions

Answer 30

Heterogenous mixtures where insoluble drug particles are dispersed in a liquid

Question 31

What are oral suspensions

Answer 31

For oral use, where particles settle over time and need shaking (e.g. antibiotic suspensions)

Question 32

What are injectable suspensions

Answer 32

Sterile, injected formulations for slow-release drug delivery

Question 33

Non-medicated syrups

Answer 33

Serve as vehicles for extemporaneous compounding

Question 34

What are syrups

Answer 34

Concentrated, sweetened aqueous solutions, often used to mask the taste of drugs

Question 35

What are elixirs

Answer 35

Clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions for oral use

Question 36

What are tinctures

Answer 36

Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of plant extracts or chemical substances, usually for topical/ oral use

Question 37

What are creams?

Answer 37

Semi-solid emulsions (oil-in-water/ water-in-oil) used topically

Question 38

What are hydrophilic creams?

Answer 38

Water-based creams, non greasy

Question 39

What are hydrophobic creams?

Answer 39

Oil-based, provide an occlusive effect on the skin

Question 40

What are ointments?

Answer 40

Greasy semisolid forms, generally hydrophobic for local application

Question 41

What are hydrocarbon ointments?

Answer 41

Use paraffin as a base, providing occlusion (vaseline)

Question 42

What are gels?

Answer 42

Transparent or translucent semisolids containing drugs in a gelatinous base

Question 43

What are pastes?

Answer 43

Very thick semisolid preparations with a high proportion of solids, used externally

Question 44

Uses for Zinc oxide pastes

Answer 44

Commonly used for diaper rash or wound healing

Question 45

What are foams?

Answer 45

Semisolid dosage forms that expand into foam upon dispensing, often for topical or vaginal use (like contraceptive foams)

Question 46

What are plasters?

Answer 46

Solid adhesive patches containing drugs for localised drug release on the skin(medicated plasters for pain relief)

Question 47

What are aerosols?

Answer 47

Pressurised dosage forms that release a drug as a fine mist/ spray upon activation

Question 48

What are metered-dose inhalers (MDI's)

Answer 48

Devices that deliver a specific dose of medication to the lungs via inhalation (bronchodilators)

Question 49

What are Topical Aerosols?

Answer 49

Sprays applied to the skin (e.g. antiseptic sprays)

Question 50

What are Inhalers?

Answer 50

Devices used to administer drugs as vapors or aerosols to the respiratory tract

Question 51

What are dry powder inhalers

Answer 51

Inhalers that deliver powdered medications without the need for a proppelant vbbbcx

Question 52

What are soft mist inhalers (SMI)

Answer 52

Inhalers that generate a slow-moving mist for better lung deposition

Question 53

what are nebulizers

Answer 53

Devices that convert liquid medication into a fine mist, inhaled via a mouthpiece for respiratory conditions

Question 55

What is/are advanced DDS

Answer 55

Innovative ways to improve how drugs are delivered

Question 56

Some examples of DDS's (3)

Answer 56

-Magnetic nanoparticles -Micelles -Nanacapsules -Nanoshells -Liposomes -Dendrimers