Introduction to Ecology Flashcards
1
Q
What is Ecology?
(Signifance)
A
Completes the Biology curriculum
2
Q
Definition of Ecology
A
- deals with the higher level of biological organization
- the science that deals with the study of relationships between the living organisms and their environment
- describe the habitat as well as the niche of organisms
- investigations mostly conducted on field situations.
3
Q
Habitat
A
Address
4
Q
Niche
A
Profession
Role
5
Q
Biological Organization
A
Subatomic Particles > Atoms > Compound > (Macromolecules) > Organelles > Cell > Tissue > Organs > Organ System > Organism
6
Q
Example of Subatomic Particles
A
- Neutron
- Electron
- Protons
7
Q
What is an Atom?
A
Basic unit of matter
8
Q
Example of Atoms
A
- Nitrogen
- Hydrogen
- Carbon
- Oxygen
- Sulfur
9
Q
What is a Compound?
A
Any substance composed of identical molecules consisting of atoms of two or more chemical elements`
10
Q
What is Macromolecules?
A
Large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules
11
Q
Example of Macromolecules
A
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Nucleic acid
12
Q
What is Organelles?
A
- “Tiny Organs”
- A subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell
13
Q
What is Cell?
A
Basic structural and functional unit of life
14
Q
What is a Tissue?
A
A group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
15
Q
What is an Organ?
A
A collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function
16
Q
What is Organ System?
A
A biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
17
Q
What is an Organism?
A
Any living biological entity, such as an animal, plant, fungus, or bacterium
18
Q
Ecological level of Organization
A
Organism > Population > Community > Ecosystem > Biosphere
19
Q
Population and Community
A
Field of Ecology
20
Q
Organism and Population
A
Autecology
21
Q
What is autecology?
A
Single organism or populations (species)
22
Q
Community and Ecosystem
A
Synecology
23
Q
What is Synecology?
A
Group of several kinds of organisms
24
Q
Best Definition of Ecology
A
- the scientific study of processes regulating the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions among them
- the study of how organisms in turn mediate the transport and transformation of energy and matter in the environment
25
What is Symbiotic Relationship
- the relationship between two different individual species that live together in a close relationship (living together)
26
Sym
Together
27
Bio
Life
28
Types of Symbiotic Relationship
- Herbivory
- Commensalism
- Mutualism
- Competition
- Predation
29
Herbivory
- an interaction in which an animal consumes a producer, or plant
- animal only eat a portion of a plant without "killing" it
30
Commensalism
- species interaction in which one species benefits, but the other is neither harmed nor helped
31
Mutualism
- interaction of two species that benefits each other by mutually increasing both species' chance of survival or reproduction
32
Competition
- the struggle of individuals to obtain a shared limited resource
- two different species cannot share the same resource in the same conditions; one will always be excluded from the resource if it has a competitive diadvantage
- different species can share, or partitio, the same resource if they have different behaviors in using that resource
33
Predation
an interaction in which one animal typically kills and consumes another animal
34
Symbiotic Relationship
Living to living organisms
35
Abiotic components of ecosystem
1. Climate
2. Soil, directly influence the forest trees
3. Herbivores feed on the canopy
4. Predators feed upon insects
5. The forest canopy intercepts light, modifying its availability for understory plants.
6. Decomposers, release nutrients to the soil that provide for the growth of plants.
36
Who coined the word "Oekologie"
Ernst Haeckel (German)
37
When did Ernst Haeckel coind the word "Oekologie"?
1869
38
What word did Ernst Haeckel coined in 1869
Oekologie
39
Greek word "oikos" means
House
40
Greek word for House
Oikos
41
Greek word "logos" means
Study of
42
Greek word for Study of
Logos
43
Ecology means
The study of nature's household
44
Economy of Nature
- is how the resources of nature being distributed or manage among organisms
45
Inorganic, nonliving component
Abiotic
46
Organic, living component
Biotic
47
Definition of Ecology by Andrewartha, 1961
The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms
48
"The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms" by
Andrewartha, 1961
49
Definition of Ecology by MacFacyden, 1963
A multidisciplinary Science
50
"A multidisciplinary Science"
MacFacyden, 1963
51
Definition of Ecology by Elton, 1987
A scientific natural history
52
"A scientific natural history " by
Elton, 1987
53
Misconception about Ecology
Environmental Science is the same with Ecology
54
Environmental Science
- about "Environmentalism" =advocacy=
- applied ecology
55
Early History
1900 - modern science of ecology emerged, and its roots are largely but not entirely the botanical sciences
1800 - began exploring and mapping the world's vegetation
56
What was the CONFLICT between botanist and zoologist?
Botanists wanted to drop the "o" in "Oecology"
57
Was the issue resolved?
Yes
58
Divisions of Ecology
- BASED ON SYSTEM STUDIED
- BASED ON LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
- BASED ON
MECHANISM/FUNCTION
- BASED ON TAXONOMIC GROUP
STUDIED
59
# DIVISION OF ECOLOGY
BASED ON SYSTEM STUDIED
(marine, freshwater, terrestrial, forest, lake)
60
# DIVISION OF ECOLOGY
BASED ON LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
(individual, population, community, ecosystem, landscape)
61
# DIVISION OF ECOLOGY
BASED ON
MECHANISM/FUNCTION
(physiological, mathematical, chemical, ecotoxicology, conservation)
62
# DIVISION OF ECOLOGY
BASED ON TAXONOMIC GROUP STUDIED
(microbial, plant, avian, insect)
63
Three Approaches to Ecology
1. Systems Ecology
2. Evolutionary Ecology
3. Population Ecology
64
# Three Approaches to Ecology
Systems Ecology
analysis of the structure and function of the ecosystem by the use of mathematics and engineering in constructing models
65
# Three Approaches to Ecology
Evolutionary Ecology
concentrates on the changes taking places in organisms and their interactions with their environment due to adaptation
66
# Three Approaches to Ecology
Population Ecology
strongly directed on population dynamics creating theories and equations to derive ecological concepts
67
What Ecologist Do?
- Discover and describe patterns in nature (WHAT & WHERE)
- Explain the observed patterns in nature (HOW & WHY)
68
Types Of Scale
1. Biological Scale
2. Spatial Scale
3. Temporal Scale
69
Biological Scale
Individual Organism > Populations > Communities > Ecosystem
70
Spatial Scale
The study area can be as small as within an organism or the entire biosphere.
71
Scale of Ecological Investigations
1. Individual Space
2. Local Patch/Ecological Neighborhood
3. Regional Scale
4. Biogeographical Scale
72
# Spatial Scale
Scale of Ecological Investigations
(Individual Space)
Physiological Ecology, Sociobiology, Foraging Ecology, Reproductive Biology
73
# Spatial Scale
Scale of Ecological Investigations
(Local Patch/Ecological Neighborhood)
Predation Studies, Behavior, Parasitism, Polination
74
# Spatial Scale
Scale of Ecological Investigations
(Regional Scale)
Migration Studies, Outbreaks, Habitat Preferences
75
# Spatial Scale
Scale of Ecological Investigations
(Biogeographical Scale)
Climate Limits, Evolutionary Ecology
76
Temporal Scale
Succession studies – changes in community composition or ecosystem properties through time.
Can be matter of hours, or thousand of years, and all in between.
Long term studies (>3 years) are difficult to do and rare but have tremendous
value (example: social behavior in apes)
77
Kinds of Evidence used by Ecologists
1. Observation and Monitoring
2. Manipulative field experiments
3. Laboratory experiments including complex and simple systems
4. Mathematical modelling
78
Scientific Method
The scientific method is the sequence of steps that scientists follow, when attempting to answer a question or explain an observation
79
Steps of Scientific Method
1. Ask a Question
2. Do Background Research
3. Construct a Hypothesis
4. Test with an Experiment
5. Procedure Working? (Yes or No)
6. Analyze data and draw conclusion
7. Communicate results
80
Fatality rate of Smallpox
30%
81
It is the act of viewing or noting a detail, fact, or occurence
Observation
82
It is a testable explanation or prediction based on the observation and the scientist’s prior knowledge
Hypothesis
83
Types of Hypothesis
Null - negative
Alternative - positive
84
Variables
- Independent
- Dependent
- Controlled
85
Independent Variable
- New factor that is to be introduced and tested.
- The variable being changed in the experiment
- It is the cause
86
Dependent Variable
- The measured result that is influenced by the independent variable.
- The variable that responds to the change
- It is the effect
87
Controlled Variable
Kept constant so they do not influence the dependent variable.
88
It includes all of the measurements and observations made during the experiment
Data
89
It states whether the hypothesis is supported by the experiment.
Conclusion
90
It involves publishing the results for other scientists to review and check for error, bias, or uncontrolled variables
Peer review
91
It is an estimate of how different a result is from the actual value
Margin of error
92
Where did Vaccine originate?
from the latin word "vacca" which mean cow
93
Experimental Design
1. Controlled
2. Natural
94
It takes place in labs or artificial environments
Controlled
95
It takes place in the real- world without manipulation.
Natural
96
Pro and Con of Controlled Experimental Design
Pro: Allow for full control of all variables.
Con: Some environments are difficult or impossible to recreate or simulate.
97
Pro and Con of Natural Experimental Design
Pro: Environment is more accurate and realistic.
Con: Some natural phenomena are hard to find.
98
It is the preference for an experiment to turn out in a certain way
Bias
99
It reduce bias by ensuring the test subjects do not know whether they in the experimental or control group
It eliminates placebo effect
Blind Experiment
100
It prevent both scientists and subjects from knowing which is the experimental group
Double-blind experiments
101
It is a statistical technique used to determine the degree to which two variables are related
Correlation
102
It is when one variable directly influences the other
Causation
103
Three types of Correlation
Positive
Negative
None
104
As one variable increases or decreases, the other does the same
Positive
105
As one variable increases, the other decreases
Negative
106
There is no observed relationship between the variables
None
