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Electricity and Electronics > Introduction to Electronics > Flashcards

Introduction to Electronics Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Electronics

A

Study and use of systems controlling electron flow in devices.

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2
Q

Electronics are used in

A

Hardware design for computer engineering

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3
Q

Applications of electronic circuits

A

-The controlling and processing of information
-The conversion to/from and distribution of electric power

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4
Q

What do the aplications of electronics involve?

A

Creation and/or detection of electromagnetic fileds and electric currents

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5
Q

Electromagnetic Fields

A

Created by electric currents in circuits.

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6
Q

Analogue circuits

A

Use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits

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7
Q

Examples of analogue circuits

A

vacuum tube amplifiers, transistor amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

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8
Q

Digital Circuits

A

Electic circuits based on discrete, digital voltage levels for processing.

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9
Q

Why is it difficult to differenciate analogue from digital circuits?

A

They have elements of both linear and non-linear operation

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10
Q

Linear Circuits

A

Analogue circuits often referred to as linear.

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11
Q

“Mixed signal” circuits

A

Analogue circuits that use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve upon the basic performance of the circuit

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12
Q

Applications of digital circuits

A

Computers, electronic clocks, and programmable logic controllers (used to control industrial processes) are constructed of digital circuits.Digital Signal Processors are another example, used for example in fibre optic telecomunications, CD players etc

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13
Q

How can digital electronics be used ?

A

i) Processing analogue signals by digitisation
ii) Logic circuits

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14
Q

Comparator

A

Outputs two levels from continuous voltage input.

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15
Q

Transistor Amplifiers

A

Example of analogue circuits using transistors.

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16
Q

Digital Signal Processors

A

Used in telecommunications and audio devices.

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17
Q

Binary Numbers

A

Represent states of digital circuits as 0 and 1.

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18
Q

Logic Gates

A

Perform logical operations like AND and OR.

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19
Q

Combinational Logic

A

Output depends solely on current input values.

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20
Q

Sequential Logic

A

Output depends on current and past input states.

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21
Q

Integrated Circuits (ICs)

A

Reliable chips facilitating circuit construction.

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22
Q

Voltage Levels

A

Represented as ‘Low’ and ‘High’ in digital circuits.

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23
Q

Sampling

A

Process of converting analogue signals to digital.

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24
Q

Arithmetic Operations

A

Performed on binary numbers using logic systems.

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25
Operational Amplifiers
Type of analogue circuit for signal amplification.
26
Vacuum Tube Amplifiers
Early example of analogue amplification technology.
27
Switch
Controls output voltage in digital circuits.
28
Output Voltage (Vout)
Voltage level at output terminals of a circuit.
29
Input Voltage (Vin)
Constant voltage supplied to the circuit.
30
NOT logic gate
Output is opposite of input
31
OR gate
The output can be at a logic 1 when ANY of the inputs are at logic 1
32
The NOR logic gate
The output will be at logic 0 when ANY of the inputs are at logic 1
33
The AND Logic gate
The output can only be at a logic 1 when ALL of the inputs are at logic 1
34
The NAAND gate
The output F will be at a logic 1 when ANY of the inputs are at logic 0
35
The exclusive or gate
The output can be at logic 1 when ONLY ONE of the inputs are at logic 1
36
What is the advantage of Boolean Algebra
Allows logic equations to be manipulated, in order for them to be simplified.
37
Application of combinational logic
Control industrial devices and processes.
38
Binary digit 1
On
39
Binary digit 0
Off
40
Standard logic gates are available in
-Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) -Complementary Metal-Oxide Silicon (CMOS)
41
Truth tables
are used to show all the possible combinations of input quantities and the corresponding output quantity
42
Universal Gates
Gates from which any digital circuit can be built. This are NOR and NAAND gates.
43
Operational Amplifiers
High-gain voltage amplifiers with differential inputs.
44
Applications of op-amps
amplify a weak signal signal to strong signal through a process known as amplification.
45
Characteristics of analogue signals
Amplitude, frequency and phase
46
Amplitude
Refers to the signal strength (y-axis)
47
Frequency
Related to the rate at which the signal repeats (x-axis)
48
Phase
How much a signal is shifted along the x-axis with respect to another signal to an ideal signal
49
Impedance
The opposition to AC presented by the combined effect of resistance and reactance in a circuit.
50
Open-loop comparator
Differential voltage amplifier, i.e. amplifies the diffeerance between V1 and V2
51
Ideal Op-amp
-High open-loop voltage gain -High input impedance -Very low output impedance -An infinite bandwidth
52
Saturation
Occurs when the output voltage implied by the circuit exceeds the possible range,making it output just the maximum and minimum possible voltage
53
Closed-loop op-amps
Uses negative feedback in the form of adding a resistor to the output
54
Advantage of closed-loop circuits
Get a clean amplification in the trade-off for a lower gain.
55
Virtual ground
Means that the voltage at that particular node is almost equal to ground voltage ( 0V)
56
Transfer equation open-loop
Vout=G(V2-V1)
57
Tranfer function of inverting amplifier
Vout= -Vin R2/R1
58
Gain
Vout/Vin or -R2/R1
59
Slew rate
Change of voltage or current, or any other electrical quantity, per unit of time
60
Oscilloscope
A piece of test equipment used to view and measure a variety of different waveforms.
61
Voltage Follower
Vout= Vin
62
Non-inverting op-amps
Vout=(1+R2/R1)*Vin
63
Inverting Summing amplifier
Vout=-Rf/Rin *(V1+V2+V3)
64
Importance of K-maps
Simplify Boolean algebra expressions, leading to optimised circuit designs, given that it reduces the number of logic gates used to construct the circuit.
65
Asynchronous system
The flip flop's state changes are not governed by a clock signal. Instead, changes occur when the inputs (set and reset) change. | So it is only dependent of the input conditions
66
Synchronous System
The flip flop's state changes are controlled by a clock signal. The outputs are updated only at a specific clock edges

Electricity and Electronics (5 decks)

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