Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y2 Endocrine > Introduction to Endocrinology - Peters > Flashcards

Introduction to Endocrinology - Peters Flashcards

1
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four types of hormones?

A
  1. Modified amino acids
  2. Steroids
  3. Peptides
  4. Proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of hormone tends to have the longest course of action?

A

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are three exmples of modified amino acids?

A
  1. Adrenalin
  2. T3
  3. T4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are three examples of steroid hormones?

A
  1. Cortisol
  2. Progesterone
  3. Testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are three examples of peptide hormones?

A
  1. ACTH
  2. ADH
  3. Oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an example of a protein hormone?

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A
  • ACTH
  • GH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • Prolactin
  • TSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the main target and function of ACTH?

A

Adrenal cortex

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the main target and function of GH (growth hormone)?

A

Liver, bones and muscle

Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the main target and function of FSH?

A

Gonads

Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the main target and function of LH?

A

Gonads

Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the main target and function of prolactin?

A

Mammary glands

Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the main target and function of TSH?

A

Thyroid

Growth and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is melanotrophin-stimulating hormone (MSH) released from?

A

Intermediate pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the main target and function of MSH?

A

Melanocytes

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

ADH and oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main target and function of ADH?

A

Kidney

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the main target and function of oxytocin?

A

Mammary glands and uterus

Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is melatonin released from?

A

Pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the main target and function of melatonin?

A

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland release?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the main targets and functions of T3 and T4?

A

Most tissues

Growth and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What hormones does the parathyroid release?

A

Calcitonin and PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the main targets and function of calcitonin and PTH?
Bone and gut Homeostasis
26
Where are insulin and glucagon secreted from?
The pancreas
27
What are the main targets and functions of insulin and glucagon?
Liver, muscle and adipose tissue Growth, metabolism and homeostasis
28
What hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex?
Glucocorticoids including cortisol and aldosterone
29
What are the main targets and functions of glucocorticoids?
Multiple Growth and metabolism
30
What is the main target and function of aldosterone?
Kidney Homeostasis
31
What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?
Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenalin (norepinephrine)
32
What are the main targets and functions of adrenalin and noradrenalin?
Multiple Homeostasis and metabolism
33
Where is testosterone produced and what is its main target and function?
* Produced by gonads * Testes * Reproduction
34
What hormones do the female gonads produce?
Oestradiol and progesterone
35
What is the main target and function for oestradiol and progesterone?
Ovaries and uterus Reproduction
36
In pregnancy, what hormones does the placenta produce?
hCG, oestradiol and progesterone
37
What is the main target and function of hCG?
Uterus Reproduction
38
Describe the potency of hormones
Hormones have a high potency
39
True or false Hormones act at a high concentration over large distances to activate specific receptors
FALSE Hormones act at a LOW concentration over large distances to acivate specific receptors
40
What does a signal transduction cascade typically cause?
Amplification of original signal
41
Describe an endocrine gland transduction cascade
Endocrine gland --\> hormone --\> activated receptor --\> signal transduction --\> response --\> action terminated
42
How is the action terminated in a transduction cascade?
By enzyme mediated metabolic inactivation in the liver OR at the sites of action
43
Describe a complemntary action of hormones
A complementary action of several hormones regulates many complex physiological functions on both short and long term scales e.g. insulin, GH, IGF-1 and sex steroids are all essential long term for normal growth
44
Does glucagon antagonise glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue?
No, adrenalin does
45
How does insulin decrease plasma glucose levels?
By inhibiting hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
46
true or false insulin stimulates glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue
True
47
How does glucagon increase plasma glucose levels?
By stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
48
What are amines made from?
Amin acids
49
Where are amines stored?
vesicles
50
When are amines released?
In response to Ca2+ dependent exocytosis
51
Are amino acids transported free in plasma?
Yes, they are hydrophillic
52
How are peptides and protein hormones made?
Pre-synthesised from longer precursor
53
Where are peptides and proteins stored?
Vesicles
54
When are peptides and proteins released?
In response to Ca2+ dependent exocytosis
55
How does an active form of a peptide/protein hormone arise?
The inactive form is usually cleaved by an enzyme to reveal the active form e.g. preproinsulin --\> proinsulin --\> insulin
56
Are peptide/protein hormones transported free in plasma?
Yes, they are hydrophillic. They enter the interstitual fluid then the blood
57
Where are steroid hormones stored?
They are not, they are synthesised and secreted on demand There is NO STORAGE in granules or vesicles
58
What happens when a cell is stimulated to produce steroids?
Increase cell's uptake and availability of cholestrol Increase conversion speed of cholestrol --\> pregnenolone
59
What must happen in order to stimulate hormone production?
Activate the receptor
60
Are steroid hormones hydrophillic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
61
How do steroid hormones travel through the plasma?
They are able to diffuse through the plasma membrane and into the circulation. Steroid hormones are mainly bound to plasma proteins when transported in plasma.
62
Where are receptors for modified amino acids, proteins and peptides found?
On the plasma membrane
63
Where are receptors for steroid hormones found?
Within the cytoplasm
64
Describe paracrine chemical signalling
secretory cell releases a hormone which acts locally and doesnt go into systemic circulation e.g. somatastatin
65
What are three functions of carrier proteins?
1. Increase amount transported in the blood 2. Provide a reservoir of hormone 3. Extend the half life of the hormone - longer duration of action
66
What does extending the half life of a hormone result in?
A longer duration of action
67
What is the carrier protein for cortisol?
Cortisol brinding hormone Bind cortisol selectively as well as some aldosterone
68
What is the carrier protein for T4?
Thyroxine binding hormone Binds thyroxine selectively (as well as some T3)
69
What is the carrier protein for testosterone and oestradiol?
Sex steroid binding hormone Binds mainly testosterone and oestradiol
70
What are two examples of general carrier proteins?
Albumin and transthyretin
71
What is albumin a carrier protein for?
many steroid and thyroxine
72
What is transthyretin a carrier for?
Binds thyroxine and some steroids
73
Why do proteins and peptides not require carrier proteins for transport?
They are soluble in plasma
74
True or false Free and bound hormone are in equilibrium
true
75
What is the only type of hormone that can cross the capillary wall to activate receptors in target tissue?
Free hormone
76
How are surges in hormone secretion buffered?
By binding to carriers This means that the free concentration does not rise abruptly
77
Free hormone removed from plasma by elimination is replaced by what?
Bound hormone dissociating from carrier proteins
78
What is the primary determinant of plasma concentration of a hormone?
rate of secretion
79
Describe the pathway of negative feedback
* Hypothalamus * Secretes the corticotropin-releasing hormone * Anterior pituitary * Secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone * Adrenal cortex * Secretes cortisol * Multiple physiological effects This is a simple negative feedback loop
80
Define tropic
A hormone that acts upon another endocrine gland to regulate its secretion of hormone
81
Describe neuroendocrine secretion
Elicits a sudden burst in secretion to meet a specific stimulus e.g. stress
82
Describe plasma cortisol concentrations throughout the day
Low at night and at its highest around midday
83
What are the main routes of elimination of hormones?
There are several routes Generally hormones are metabolised by the liver and excreted by the kidneys
84
True or false Plasma conc. of hormone = elimination - secretion
FALSE Plasma conc. of hormone = secretion - elimination
85
What is the half life of amines e.g. adrenaline?
Seconds
86
What is the half life of proteins and peptides?
Minutes
87
What is the half life of steroids and thyroid hormones?
Hours to days This is due to extensive protein binding
88
What are two examples of cell surface receptors?
G protein coupled receptors Receptor kinases
89
How do intracellular receptors work?
The ligand is lipophillic allowing diffusion across the plasma membrane
90
What is an example of intracellular receptors?
Nuclear receptors
91
What are G-protein coupled receptors activated by?
Amine and some proteins/peptides
92
What are the major signalling pathways of G-protein coupled receptors?
Involve coupling to Gs, Gi, Gq
93
What are receptor kinases activated by?
Some proteins/peptides
94
Nuclear receptors can be subdivided. What are these subdivisions?
* Class 1 * Class 2 * Hybrid class
95
What are class 1 nuclear receptors activated by?
Many steroid hormones
96
Where are unactivated class 1 nuclear receptors found?
In the absence of an activating ligand, these are mainly located in the cytoplasm, bound to inhibitory heat shock proteins
97
When class 1 nuclear receptors are activated, where are they found?
They move to the nucleus when activated
98
What are class 2 nuclear receptors activated by?
Mostly by lipids
99
Where are class 2 nuclear receptors found?
In the nucleus
100
What are hybrid class nuclear receptors activated by?
T3 and other substances
101
What nuclear receptor has a similar function to class 1?
Hybrid class
102
Describe signalling via nuclear receptors
1. Steroid hormones enter cell via diffusion across plasma membrane (lipophillic) 2. within the cell, they combine with an intracellular receptor producing dissociation of inhibitory heat shock protein (in case of steroid receptors, but not thyroid, the inactive receptors are located in cytoplasm) 3. Receptor steroid complex moves to nucleus 4. Forms a dimer and binds to hormone response elements in DNA 5. Transcription of specific genes is either switched on or off to alter mRNA levels + the rate of synthesis of mediator proteins
103
Define transactivation
The transcription of specific genes is switched on
104
Define transpression
transcription of specific genes is switched off

Y2 Endocrine (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions