Introduction to Fungi Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
How many species of fungi have been described out of an estimated 1,000,000 fungi species?
A
70,000 species
2
Q
They obtain their food/nutrients from dead organic matter, by killing other organisms/ tissues/ cells
A
Heterotrophic
3
Q
They obtain their food/nutrients from living cells either as parasites or mutualists (lichen and mycorrhizal fungi), or by a combination of these methods.
A
Heterotrophic
4
Q
Heterotrophic organisms obtain food/nutrients from living cells either as ______ or _____
A
- Parasites
- Mutualists
5
Q
Examples of mutualists
A
- Lichen
- Mycorrhizal fungi
6
Q
They are non-motile
A
Heterotrophic organisms
7
Q
They are spore-bearing
A
Heterotrophic organisms
8
Q
Lifestyle of Heterotrophic
A
- Saprophytic or parasitic existence
9
Q
General Properties of Fungi
A
- Not photosynthetic
- Have cell walls resembling plants
- Chitin
- Provides structural stability to fungi
10
Q
Fungi have cell walls that resembles what?
A
plants
11
Q
Found in the cell walls
A
Chitin
12
Q
It has a polymer similar to collagen.
A
Chitin
13
Q
It contains nitrogen
A
Chitin
14
Q
They usually have branching filamentous forms.
A
Multicellular types of Fungi
15
Q
What form do multicellular types have?
A
Branching filamentous form
16
Q
What are filaments called in the branching filamentous forms of multicellular types?
A
hyphae
17
Q
What is a mass of hyphae called?
A
mycelium
18
Q
This fungi have partitions between cells called septa
A
Septate fungi
19
Q
The term for the partitions between cells of septate fungi
A
septa
20
Q
In septate fungi, when partitions often are not complete, what flows between the cells?
A
Cytoplasm
21
Q
In some cases cells have no partitions called
A
coenocytic
22
Q
this form gives large surface area for absorption
A
Filamentous form
23
Q
What do filamentous form gives for absorption?
A
large surface area
24
Q
They are made up of masses of fused filaments.
A
Large reproductive structures of some fungi
25
Example of the large reproductive structures of some fungi.
Mushrooms
26
It is a septate fungus.
Penicillium
27
In septate fungi, the individual cells are separated by cross walls called what?
septa
28
What is a non-septate hyphae called?
Coenocytic hyphae
29
It is from Candida albicans that is due to incomplete budding.
Pseudohyphae
30
Pseudohyphae from ________ is due to incomplete budding.
Candida albicans
31
How many classification of Fungi there are?
5
32
What are the phylums of Kingdom Fungi
- Phylum Chytridiomycota
- Phylum Zygomycota
- Phylum Basidiomycota
- Phylum Ascomycota
- Phylum Deuteromycota
33
Examples of Phylum Chytridiomycota
- Chytrids
- aquatic
34
Example of Phylum Zygomycota
Bread molds
35
Example of Phylum Basidiomycota
Club fungi
36
Example of Phylum Ascomycota
Sac fungi
37
Fungi under Phylum Zygomycota (Bread molds)
Rhizopus
38
Fungi under Phylum Ascomycota (Sac fungi)
- Aspergillus
- Penicillium
39
Fungi under Phylum Deuteromycota
- Candida
- Microsporum
- Trichophyton
40
2 Principal kinds of Fungi
- Molds
- Yeasts
41
What is the main element of molds?
hypha
42
These are branching tubular structures that are vegetative.
Hypha
43
The intertwined hyphae is called?
mycelium
44
_____ vs. ______
- Surface hyphae
- Aerial mycelium
45
Hyphae of _______ produce the spores (reproductive cells)
aerial mycelium
46
These are collectively called "fruiting bodies"
Spores
47
Spores are collectively called _____
fruiting bodies
48
What the cross-walls that divide the hyphae are called.
Septa
49
Stalk like structures are called ____ or _____
- Conidiophores
- Sporangiophores
50
Conidiophores or Sporangiophores give rise to the asexual spored called ??
conidia
51
Term for asexual spores
Conidia
52
They are more resistant to physical and chemical assaults than hyphae.
Spores
53
Spores are more resistant to physical and chemical assaults than what?
hyphae
54
They promote aerial dissemination of fungi
Free conidia
55
Oval or spherical cells ranging from 3-5 micrometer
Yeasts
56
Yeasts are oval or spherical cells ranging from?
3-5 micrometer
57
Some varieties of yeast produce irregular yeast cells referred to as ____
psuedohyphae
58
These are _______ which have mycelial forms and yeast forms.
dimorphic fungi
59
Yeasts are dimorphic fungi with what forms?
- mycelial forms
- yeast forms
60
Yeasts reproduce by?
budding
61
2 Types of Fungi Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction
62
It has not been demostrated in most medically important fungi.
Sexual reproduction
63
It is considered as the "perfect stage"
Sexual reproduction
64
It is the division of nuclei by mitosis
Asexual reproduction
65
It is efficient and minimizes the need for sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
66
It is usually found on infected skin
Asexual Reproduction
67
3 Mechanisms of asexual reproduction
1. Sporulation
2. Germination of the spores
3. Fragmentation of hyphae
68
It is the formation of spores
Sporulation
69
It is the sprouting of spores
Germination of the spores
70
It is the budding of yeast cells (Candida and Cryptococcus)
Fragmentation of hyphae
71
Yeast cells in budding during the fragmentation of hyphae
- Candida
- Cryptococcus
72
It is synonymous with spores
Conidia
73
It is a complex conidia
Macroconidia
74
It is a simple conidia
Microconidia
75
It includes sporangium, and endospores
Conidia in a sac
76
Most fungi grow well on what media?
Simple media
77
What temperature do most fungi grow well on simple media?
22-25 degrees Celsius
78
The most commonly used media to grow bacteria and cultivate them are?
Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar (SDA) and its variations
79
The Sabouraud's Dextrose Agad (SDA) contains what?
- peptone
- dextrose
- agar
80
The pH of Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar (SDA)
pH of 5.6
81
What pH inhibits growth of bacteria
Low pH
82
Fungi grow anaerobically or aerobically?
aerobically.
83
Yeast phase grows at what temperature?
37 degrees Celsius
84
Agars on which yeast phase grows at 37 degrees Celsius
- Blood agar
- BHI agar
85
They use large inocula
Yeasts
86
What inocula does yeasts use?
Large inocula
87
Can the incubation periods of yeast be extended or not?
It may be extented
88
It may be added to SDA to inihibit saprophytic fungi.
Cycloheximide
89
It may be added to SDA to inhibit bacterial growth.
Chloramphenicol
90
In common laboratory procedures used in the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections, wet mount of tissue or mucus-containing specimens in _______ is used
10% KOH
91
In Common Laboratory Procedures used in the diagnosis of Fungal Infection, wet mount portions teased from fungal colonies and mounted in ?
lactophenol cotton blue
92
Tissue sections and clinical material are stained with ____ or _____
Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or methenamine silver stains
93
In the Sabouraud glucose agar for culture, incubation at room temperature is up to how long?
up to 6 weeks
94
These agars are incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 1 week or more in common laboratory procedures used in the diagnosis of Fungal Infection
- Blood Agar
- Brain heart infusion agar
95
This is used on a glass slide covered with a coverslip and incubated in a moist chamber at room temperature; when spores form, the coverslip is carefully removed and examined in a lactophenol cotton blue wet mount.
Side cultures with incubated blocks of Sabouraud's glucose agar (about 1 cm square and 2 or 3 mm deep)
96
Dimensions of Side cultures, with incubated blocks of Sabouraud's glucose agar.
about 1 cm square and 2 or 3 mm deep
97
It degrades tissue and mucus, permitting visualization of fungi
Strong alkali
98
Where are wet mount portions (teased from fungal colonies) mounted in, to permit observation of fungal morphology and presence of spores?
(as well as to kill fungi and provide good contrast for visualization)
lactophenol cotton blue
99
Both of these stain fungal cell walls to give good contrast with background in tissue sections and clinical materials
- Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
- silver stain
100
Low pH of the medium and RT incubation favor growth of ____ over ___
- fungi
- bacteria
101
They may also be added to discourage bacterial and fungal growth.
Antibiotics
102
Examples of antibiotics that may also be added to discourage bacterial and fungal growth.
- Chloramphenical
- Cyclohexamide
103
Various fungi grow at what temperature?
37 degrees Celsius
104
The yeast phase of dimorphic fungi grow on these media (Blood agar or Brain heart infusion agar) at temperature
37 degrees Celsius
105
It permits observation of relatively undisturbed fungal growth; particularly useful for identification of fruiting bodies
Slide cultures, with incubated blocks of Sabouraud's glucose afar on a glas slide covered with a coverslip and incubated in a moist chamber at room temperature
106
An example of numerous budding yeasts.
Malassezia dermatitis
