Introduction to Geriatrics Flashcards

Question

What years were Gen Z born? How old are they?

Answer 1

Born 1997+ Currently 25 years old or younger

Answer 2

Social media influences The most racially and ethnically diverse group to date Each group is typically more diverse than the previous generation Value independence & individuality Innovative

Answer 3

Best practice – when in doubt, just ask Respectfully ask patients about their health beliefs and customs. For example: “Is there anything I should know about your culture, beliefs, religious practices, or preferences that would help me take better care of you.” Avoid stereotyping based on religious or cultural background. Recognize each person as an individual who may or may not adhere to certain cultural beliefs or practices common to his or her culture.

Answer 4

Genetic (programmed): focus on mechanism for aging located in the nucleus of a cell Non-genetic (non-programmed), also stochastic: focus on other areas, including organs, body systems, environmental causes

Answer 5

“Doubling” or “biological clock” Limited amount of cell population doublings, with the average being 50 per life cycle of the cell Functional changes (alteration & degeneration) within cells are responsible for aging

Answer 6

An expansion of Darwin’s theory of natural selection Each successive generation is more resistant to mutations When mutations occur, it is at a later age

Answer 7

Survival into old age is enhanced by high vitality and resilience due to underlying resistance to stress by the genes An evolutionary model

Answer 8

Functional decrements in neurons and their associated hormones are central to the aging process Endocrine changes evolve with aging and some physiological manifestations of aging are related to the effects of declining “protective” hormone levels (estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone, adrenal DHEA) and increased “damaging” hormones (cortisol) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is the “master timekeeper” for the organism and the primary regulator of the aging process

Answer 9

The functional capacity of the immune system declines with age as a result of reduced t-cell (immune system) function The immune system declines with age as evidenced by the age-associated increase in autoimmune disease

Answer 10

Aging changes are due to damage caused by free radicals Most popular and widely tested theory Free radical: highly charged ions whose outer orbits contain an unpaired electron Have been shown to damage cell membranes, mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclear membranes The net result of free radical reactions is a decline in cellular integrity

Answer 11

A life committed to a high-nutrient and low-calorie diet is a longer one Possibly operating through neuroendocrine system Calorie-restricted diet influences the rate of aging and susceptibility to disease in a positive manner

Answer 12

Error catastrophe theory Any accident or error in either the mechanism or the process of making proteins would cascade in multiple effects that would be incompatible with life

Answer 13

Biological age changes are a result of errors accumulating in genes

Answer 14

Mutations or genetic damage result from radiation, and these accumulate and create functional failure and death

Answer 15

A control mechanism responsible for the appearance and sequence of aging exists in the nuclear chromatic complex

Answer 16

Large, reactive proteins (like collagen) cross-link and are responsible for aging

Answer 17

Prolonged sleep loss affects homeostasis and a species’ ability to repair tissue The human species repairs tissues and synthesizes neuroendocrine cells that contribute to homeostasis in the hormonal system

Answer 18

Failure of the enzymatic machinery in the adrenal gland disrupts lifelong adrenal cortisol feedback This is theorized to exacerbate the age associated loss in neuronal synapses and brain plasticity

Answer 19

Protective cap” located on the ends of chromosomes Shorten with each cell division and with increasing chronological age The length of the telomere is predictive of lifespan for that cell and, therefore, that organism

Answer 20

Progeria of young adults Rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the premature development of the aging phenotype, as well as many age-related diseases Due to mutation of a helicase gene on the 8th chromosome Helicases: substances that unwind the double helix of DNA Normal people carry variants of the gene that influence their life spans or predispose them to an early death

Answer 21

reduced mental health, mortality, poor health, and slower recovery from sickness

Answer 22

3 levels: micro- (individual), meso- (social network), macro- (institutional/cultural)

Answer 23

Skilled care can be necessary to: Improve a patient’s current condition Maintain a patient’s current conditions To prevent or slow further deterioration of the patient’s condition Coverage of skilled therapy services by Medicare are NOT dependent on the patient’s ability to improve, but rather that there is a need for skilled care by the provider

Answer 24

respect the inherent dignity & rights of all individuals. be trustworthy & compassionate in addressing the rights and needs of patients & clients. be accountable for making sound professional judgements. demonstrate integrity in their relationship with patients, clients, families, colleagues, students, research participants, other HCPs, employers, payers, & the public. fulfill their legal and professional obligations. enhance their expertise through the lifelong acquisition and refinement of knowledge, skills, abilities, & professional behaviors. promote organizational behaviors & business practices that benefit patients, clients, & society. participate in efforts to meet the health needs of people locally, nationally, or globally.

Answer 25

Utilize person-centered care to elicit & prioritize the individual’s preferences, values, and goals to drive the plan of care. Strive for anti-ageist practice. Conduct a holistic assessment and evaluation utilizing sound outcome measures that help inform the treatment plan & relate to the patient’s stated goals. Provide positive outcomes of PT care by completing interventions that are based on the best available evidence. Prioritize physical activity to promote health, well-being, chronic disease management, and enhance mobility. Champion interprofessional collaborative practice that is inclusive of patients and their caregivers.

Answer 26

Family Friends HCPs Caregivers Other nursing home resident Self

Answer 27

The failure, either by an adult’s action or inaction, to provide the proper or necessary support or medical, surgical, or any other care necessary for their own well-being Does not include a person with recognized religious methods of healing in lieu of medical treatment, e.g., Jehovah’s Witness & blood products

Answer 28

State specific - Louisiana RS 15:1504(A) Any person, including but not limited to a health, mental health, and social service practitioner, having cause to believe that an adult's physical or mental health or welfare has been or may be further adversely affected by abuse, neglect, or exploitation shall report in accordance with R.S. 15:1505. RS 14:403.2(A) Any person, who under R.S. 15:1504(A), is required to report the abuse or neglect of an adult and knowingly and willfully fails to so report shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars or imprisoned for not more than six months, or both. Report incidents of abuse, neglect, and exploitation involving adults 60 and older to Elderly Protective Services at 1-833-577-6532 or 225-342-0144.

Answer 29

Ombudsman: individual trained to respond to the problems and needs of residents of nursing homes and long-term care facilitates Protect and promote the rights of the residents Respond to any complaint, problem, or concern a resident may have Quality of care Food Finances Activities Visitation