Introduction to GI

Question 1

What are the main components of the GI tract?

Answer 1

• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Oesophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Anal canal

Question 2

What are the accessory organs of the GI tract?

Answer 2

• Teeth
• Tongue
• Salivary glands
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas

Question 3

What is ingestion?

Answer 3

Taking food in

Question 4

What is digestion?

Answer 4

Breaking food down into nutrients

Question 5

What is absorption?

Answer 5

Pulling nutrients into the bloodstream

Question 6

What is excretion?

Answer 6

Getting rid of waste

Question 7

What is another word for chewing?

Answer 7

Mastication

Question 8

What are the names of the salivary glands?

Answer 8

• Parotid
• Sublingual
• Submandibular

Question 9

What is the name of the enzyme found in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates into smaller sugars?

Answer 9

Salivary amylase

Question 10

What are the layers of the GI tract?

Answer 10

• Adventitia / serosa
• Muscularis externa
• Submucosa
• Mucosa

Question 11

What are the areas of the stomach called?

Answer 11

• Fundus
• Body
• Cardia
• Pyloric antrum
• Pyloric sphincter

Question 12

What do the gastric glands produce?

Answer 12

• Hydrochloric acid
• Pepsin
• Mucus
• Water

Question 13

What are the 3 layers of the small intestine?

Answer 13

• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum

Question 14

What is the length of the small intestine approximately?

Answer 14

10.5m

Question 15

What does the chyme stimulate?

Answer 15

Enteroendocrine cells produce cholecystokinin

Question 16

What does cholecystokinin do?

Answer 16

• Stimulates the gallbladder to produce bile

- Stimulates the acinar cells in the pancreas to produce digestive enzyes `

Question 17

What enzymes are produced by acinar cells?

Answer 17

• Pancreatic lipase
• Pancreatic amylase
• Proteases (trypsin)

Question 18

What does pancreatic lipase break down?

Answer 18

Triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 19

What does pancreatic amylase break down?

Answer 19

Carbohydrates into oligosaccharides

Question 20

What do proteases (trypsin) break down?

Answer 20

Proteins into smaller peptides

Question 21

What does secretin do?

Answer 21

• Produced by enteroendocrine cells

- Stimulates pancreatic duct cells to produce water and bicarbonate

Question 22

Where is bicarbonate produced?

Answer 22

Glands in the submocosa of the duodenal wall and pancreatic duct

Question 23

Where is fiber absorbed

Answer 23

Large intestine

Question 24

What is the passageway between the small intestine and large intestine called?

Answer 24

Ileocecal sphincter

Question 25

How long is the colon?

Answer 25

1.5m

Question 26

What are the areas of the large intestine called?

Answer 26

- Appendix - Cecum - Ascending colon - Transverse colon - Descending colon - Sigmoid colon - Rectum

Question 27

What do the gut microbome produce?

Answer 27

- B and K vitamins | - Gases (CO2, methane and sulphorous compounds)

Question 28

What does bile do?

Answer 28

Emulsifies fat (into micelles)

Question 29

Where is the myenteric plexus located (causes smoot muscle relaxation)?

Answer 29

Muscularis externa

Question 30

Where is the submucous plexus (meissner's plexus) located?

Answer 30

The submucosa

Question 31

What is the function of the submucosa?

Answer 31

- Controls size of blood vessels | - Secretion of digestive juices

Question 32

What are the layers of the mucosa?

Answer 32

- Epithelial layer - Lamina propria - Muscularis mucosa

Question 33

What is the function of the epithelial layer of the mucosa?

Answer 33

Absorbs and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes

Question 34

What is contained in the lamina propria?

Answer 34

Blood and lymph vessels

Question 35

What is the function of the muscularis mucosa?

Answer 35

Smooth muscle (breaks down food)