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2.2 Haematology > Introduction to Haematology > Flashcards

Introduction to Haematology Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is haematology?

A

Branch of medical science concerned with diseases of the blood and blood forming tissues

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2
Q

Name two anticoagulants

A

Warfrin
DOACs

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3
Q

Why do we no longer use warfrin

A

It was easy to overdose on
Need to monitor its levels
Had bad side effects

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4
Q

Why do we now use DOACs

A

No monitoring needed

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5
Q

Give an example of a targeted therapy

A

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors -> Gleevek for chronic myeloid leukemia

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6
Q

How does Gleevek work?

A

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

CML caused by hyper reactive tyrosine kinase

98% of people with chronic myeloid leukemia have this mutation

This allows people to live with this condition

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7
Q

What is bone marrow and what is it’s job

A

Soft tissue located inside hollow bones responsible for the production and maturation of blood cells

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8
Q

What is peripheral blood

A

The blood that is contained within the circulatory system

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9
Q

What is haemostasis

A

The interplay of cellular and molecular processes that maintain blood fluidity and also generate blood clots at sites of injury. regulate clot formation and degrade clots

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10
Q

List the causes of anaemia
(5)

A

Iron deficiency

Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

Hereditary conditions

Acute or chronic blood loss

Other diseases e.g. malignancy

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11
Q

When might levels of wbcs be altered?

A

Infection

Leukaemia

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12
Q

What may cause increased levels of mature wbcs

A

Bacterial, viral and fungal infections

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13
Q

What may cause increased levels of immature wbcs

A

Leukaemia

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14
Q

What may cause decreased levels of immature wbcs
(3)

A

Medications
Cytotoxic chemotherapy
Aplastic anaemia

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15
Q

What two events may affect haemostasis

A

Haemorrhage

Thrombosis

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16
Q

Why might we need to monitor blood homeostasis

A

Diagnosing bleeding and thrombotic disorders

Monitoring anticoagulant therapy

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17
Q

List some examples of haematological disorders
(4)

A

Glandular fever

Leukaemia

Haemophilia

Iron deficiency anaemia

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18
Q

Why might we carry out blood films or FBCs

A

Detection of anaemia, morphology, infection or inflammation

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19
Q

What test do we use to measure haemostasis

A

Coagulation tests

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20
Q

Give an example of a haematological neoplasm

21
Q

What two vacutainers do we see most in the haematology lab

22
Q

What may a purple vacutainer be used for?

23
Q

What may a blood vacutainer be used for

Study These Flashcards
A

It’s for coagulation tests -> contains sodium citrate anti-coagulant

24
Q

What might go wrong when using blue vacutainers

Study These Flashcards
A

The clinician must fill up the vacutainer to the line -> if they don’t there will be way too much anti-coagulant

25
What does the purple vacutainer contain
EDTA Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid
26
For what tests do we use blood in a purple vacutainer
FBC Blood film Malaria parasites Reticulocytes Red cell folate Monospot
27
Why is sodium citrate and not EDTA used in the blue vacutainers
Sodium citrate is a reversible anticoagulant
28
For what test may we use blood from a blue vacucontainer (3)
Coagulation screen including platelet function Factor assays Thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen assay
29
How do we obtain a bone marrow sample
Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow trephine
30
What is bone marrow aspiration
Push a heavy duty needle into a particular bone e.g. pelvis
31
What is bone marrow trephine
Obtain a larger sample of bone that will include bone tissue as well as bone marrow/biopsy of tissue from the hip
32
List some tests used in the haematology lab (8)
Blood film Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Coagulation screening Monospot Malaria screening Full Blood count Genetic testing Haemoglobin variant detection Haematinic assays
33
What may be detected using a full blood count (6)
Anaemia Bacterial infection Viral infection Allergic reactions Platelet associated bleeding disorders Leukaemia or lymphoma
34
What can we monitor using a full blood count
Monitor treatment Monitor bone marrow response to chemotherapy
35
List six investigative laboratory techniques
Spectrometry Impedance Flow cytometry Light microscopy Immunoassays Genetic/molecular biology
36
What do we use a spectrometer to detect
used to obtain haemoglobin result
37
How do we detect haemoglobin used a spectrometer
Detergent destroys the rbc membrane to release haemoglobin Add Drabkin's solution Haemoglobin converted to cyanmethaemoglobin Use Beer Lambert Law to determine the concentration of Hb
38
What is Beer Lamberts Law
Density of colour is proportional to the Hb present in the sample
39
What is the principle of impedance (3)
Relies on the ability of an ionic fluid to assist the passage of electricity from one electrode to another This passage can be interrupted by particles The higher the number of cells the greater the frequency of disturbances in the flow of electricity
40
We can use impedance to count what cell types
RBCs WBCS Platelets
41
What is the principle of flow cytometry (4)
It relies on the disruption of a laser The degree to which laser is interrupted (forward scatter) is proportional to size of cell The degree to which light is scattered obliquely (side scattered light) is proportional to cell granularity Frequency of interruption relates to cell number
42
Why might we use a flow cytometer
Differentiate and count wbcs
43
How do we use a flow cytometer to differentiate and count WBCs
Antibodies conjugated to a flurochrome to quantify cell subtypes
44
What diagnosis could be made using a flow cytometer
White cell malignancies Red cell disorders Platelet disorders
45
Why might we use a light microscope (5)
Examination of blood cell morphology Quality check in FBC Manual differential counts Identify parasites Identify disease
46
When might we use immunoassays
Not commonly used -> usually only as follow up tests Used to measure plasma concentrations of various proteins e.g. those involved in coagulation
47
Give three examples of immunoassays used
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays Latex immunoassays Immunophelometry
48
When would genetics be used in the haematology lab
Recently the role of certain genes have been noted in diseases e.g. CML caused by BCR-ABL mutations

2.2 Haematology (38 decks)

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