Introduction to Hematology Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Cytokines
A
Proteins that are involved in cell-to-cell communication and control stem cell differentiation into specific cell types.
2
Q
Proteins that are involved in cell-to-cell communication and control stem cell differentiation into specific cell types.
A
Cytokines
3
Q
Erythropoietin
A
A cytokine that influences stem cells to develop into red blood cells (erythrocytes)
4
Q
A cytokine that influences stem cells to develop into red blood cells (erythrocytes)
A
Erythropoietin
5
Q
Blasts
A
These blood cells are in an immature stage of development; they are between the stem cell stage and the fully-differentiated stage.
6
Q
These cells should only be found in the bone marrow and not in the circulating blood. If they are found in the circulating blood, a malignancy is likely.
A
Blasts
7
Q
These blood cells are in an immature stage of development; they are between the stem cell stage and the fully-differentiated stage.
A
Blasts
8
Q
White blod cells (leukocytes)
A
Many types. Granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes.
- Granulocytes can further be divided into: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
9
Q
Granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes are examples of what cell type?
A
Leukocytes
10
Q
Innate Immune Response
A
This is how granulocytes respond to foreign cells. It includes the complement cascade which involves >30 proteins that act in sequence to neutralize, attract, enhance, kill, etc.
11
Q
This is an inborn, non-specific response that does not arise from a previous infection and has no memory.
A
Innate Immunity
12
Q
This is how granulocytes respond to foreign cells.
A
Innate Immunity
13
Q
Adaptive Immune Response
(Acquired immunity)
A
This is how lymphocytes respond to foreign substances. It involves a method of learning and remembering specific antigens.
14
Q
This is how lymphocytes respond to foreign substances. It involves a method of learning and remembering specific antigens.
A
Adaptive Immune Response
15
Q
Anemia
A
Low red blood cell count and/or low hemoglobin and hematocrit. Caused by decreas in production, increase in destruction, or blood loss.
16
Q
Low red blood cell count and/or low hemoglobin and hematocrit. Caused by decreas in production, increase in destruction, or blood loss.
A
Anemia
17
Q
Reticulocyte Count
A
Lab value that measures immature erythrocytes/RBCs and is used to determine bone marrow activity.
18
Q
Lab value that measures immature erythrocytes/RBCs and is used to determine bone marrow activity.
A
Reticulocyte Count
19
Q
Mean Corpuscular Volume
A
Lab value that reflects the average size of the RBC’s. It is derived from a ratio of packed RBC’s to total RBC’s.
20
Q
Lab value that reflects the average size of the RBC’s. It is derived from a ratio of packed RBC’s to total RBC’s.
A
Mean Corpuscular Volume
21
Q
Normocytic
A
RBCs are average size, usually expressed through low Mean Corpuscular Volume
22
Q
RBCs are average size, usually expressed through low Mean Corpuscular Volume
A
Normocytic
23
Q
Microcytic
A
Small RBCs, usually expressed through a low mean corpuscular volume.
24
Q
Small RBCs, usually expressed through a low mean corpuscular volume.
A
Microcytic
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Macrocytic
Large RBCs; usually expressed through a high mean corpuscular volume.
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Large RBCs; usually expressed through a high mean corpuscular volume.
Macrocytic
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Normochromic
A RBC having the normal color due to adequate hemoglobin, usually expressed through normal mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
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A RBC having the normal color due to adequate hemoglobin, usually expressed through normal mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
Normochromic
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
Lab value that estimates the hemoglobin concentration. Not as helpful as mean corpuscular volume.
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Lab value that estimates the hemoglobin concentration. Not as helpful as mean corpuscular volume.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
31
Ferritin Level
A lab test that is used to determine available iron stores in the body.
- Ferritin level can be influenced by inflammation
- If necessary, a TfR/Transferritin Receptor Assay can be ordered, which is not influenced by inflammation but is expensive.
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A lab test that is used to determine available iron stores in the body.
Ferritin Level
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Hemoglobin
A protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide. There are many different types of hemoglobin; infants have Hb F; most adults have Hb A one.
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A protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Hemoglobin
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Hemoglobinopathy
A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural variations of the hemoglobin molecule. For example, Hb S, seen in sickle cell patients.
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A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural variations of the hemoglobin molecule.
Hemoglobinopathy
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Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Lab test that identifies hemoglobin type.
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Lab test that identifies hemoglobin type.
Hemoglobin electrophoresis
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Sickle Cell Anemia
A hemoglobinopathy that occurs in people homozygous for Hb S resulting in distorted and fragile RBCs.
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A hemoglobinopathy that occurs in people homozygous for Hb S resulting in distorted and fragile RBCs.
Sickle Cell Anemia
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Aplastic Anemia
Anemia due to decreased RBC production. Usually seen with pancytopenia (all blood elements are low) and results from failure of bone marrow to generate new cells.
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Anemia due to decreased RBC production. Usually seen with pancytopenia (all blood elements are low) and results from failure of bone marrow to generate new cells.
Aplastic Anemia
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Hemolysis
Break down or destruction of RBCs.
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Break down or destruction of RBCs.
Hemolysis
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Hemolytic Anemia
A disorder involving a premature destruction of RBCs. Causes can be an inherited defect in RBCs, or non-inherited causes such as an immune disorder.
- G6PD is one type of hemolytic anemia, that occurs episodically.
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A disorder involving a premature destruction of RBCs. Causes can be an inherited defect in RBCs, or non-inherited causes such as an immune disorder.
Hemolytic Anemia
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Iron Deficiency
Inadequate iron supply for normal hemoglobin synthesis. My result from poor diet, poor absorption, or chronic bleeding.
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Inadequate iron supply for normal hemoglobin synthesis. My result from poor diet, poor absorption, or chronic bleeding.
Iron Deficiency
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Thalassemia
An inherited hemolytic hemoglobinopathy caused by deficient synthesis of hemoglobin polypeptide side chains. Classified according to which chain is involved, resulting in two major categories of alpha-thalassemia or beta-thalassemia.
- Beta-thalassemia can be major (homozygous form with severe symtoms) or minor (heterozygous form with mild symptoms)
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An inherited hemolytic hemoglobinopathy caused by deficient synthesis of hemoglobin polypeptide side chains.
Thalassemia
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Sideroblastic Anemia
A group of disorders that have reduced hemoglobin synthesis resulting in iron accumulation in the mitochondria of erythroblasts.
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A group of disorders that have reduced hemoglobin synthesis resulting in iron accumulation in the mitochondria of erythroblasts.
Sideroblastic Anemia
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Erythroblasts
Erythrocytes that are not fully developed and are still in the bone marrow; they contain nuclei and mitochondria; which are not found in mature erythrocytes.
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Erythrocytes that are not fully developed and are still in the bone marrow; they contain nuclei and mitochondria; which are not found in mature erythrocytes.
Erythroblasts
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Sideroblast
Erythrocytes with iron deposits that are found in the bone marrow of patients with sideroblastic anemia. Causes vary, but include chronic alcoholism and lead poisoning.
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Megablastic Anemia
Characterized by abnormal production of large, immature and dysfunctional erythrocytes. Includes B12 and folate deficiencies.
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Characterized by abnormal production of large, immature and dysfunctional erythrocytes. Includes B12 and folate deficiencies.
Megablastic Anemia
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Coagulation Cascade
The series of steps that ultimately leads to the formation of a clot. Each step requires activation of an enzyme (factor) before the next step can proceed. Initial activation is usually through either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways.
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The series of steps that ultimately leads to the formation of a clot.
Coagulation Cascade
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Thrombin
The end result of the coagulation cascade. It can activate both fibrinogen (leading to clot formation) and plasminogen (leading to inhibition of clot formation).
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The end result of the coagulation cascade. It can activate both fibrinogen (leading to clot formation) and plasminogen (leading to inhibition of clot formation).
Thrombin
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Prothrombin Time (PT) and (INR)
Detects deficiencies in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade.
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Detects deficiencies in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade.
Prothrombin Time and INR
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Activation Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
Detects deficiencies in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade.
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Detects deficiencies in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade.
Activation Partial Thromboplastin Time
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Bleeding Time
Lab test to determine platelet function.
- This is being phased out.
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Lab test to determine platelet function.
Bleeding Time
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D-dimer
A lab test that screens for venous thrombosis.
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A lab test that screens for venous thrombosis.
D-dimer
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Factor VIII Disorders
Lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia A and von Willebrand's diseases. Patients with VW will also test low for von Willebrand factor.
- Hemophilia A is X-linked recessive, leading to affected males and carrier females.
- Von Willebrand occurs in both males and females.
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Lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia A and von Willebrand's diseases.
Factor VIII Disorders
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Factor IX Disorders
Lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as Hemophilia B.
- X-linked
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Lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as Hemophilia B.
Factor IX Disorder
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Factor XI Disorders
Lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as Hemophilia C.
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Lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as Hemophilia C.
Factor XI Disorder
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Thrombocytopenia
A decrease in platelet number as a result of decreased production, increased destruction or consumption, or splenomegaly.
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A decrease in platelet number as a result of decreased production, increased destruction or consumption, or splenomegaly.
Thrombocytopenia
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Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
A deficiency of platelets that results in bleeding into the skin and other organs (purpura). May be either acute or chronic. Easy bruising and mucosal bleeding.
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A deficiency of platelets that results in bleeding into the skin and other organs (purpura). May be either acute or chronic. Easy bruising and mucosal bleeding.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
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Thrombophilias
Inherited hypercoaguable blood disorders.
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Inherited hypercoaguable blood disorders.
Thrombophilias
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Lymphocytic Leukemia
A malignant disease where the bone marrow is replaced with proliferating leukocyte precursors, sepcifically involving lymphocytes.
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A malignant disease where the bone marrow is replaced with proliferating leukocyte precursors, sepcifically involving lymphocytes.
Lymphocytic Leukemia
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Myelogenous / Myeloid Leukemia
A type of leukemia with specific chromosomal abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome, which is a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, and results in the fusion gene bcr/abl. Starts out chronic, becomes acute.
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A type of leukemia with specific chromosomal abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome, which is a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, and results in the fusion gene bcr/abl.
Myelogenous / Myeloid Leukemia
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Lymphoma
A neoplastic disease involving lymphocytes and the lymphatic system. Two major classifications are Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas.
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A neoplastic disease involving lymphocytes and the lymphatic system.
Lymphoma
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Multiple Myeloma
Neoplastic disease where bone marrow is replaced with plasma cells (lymphocyte-like cell involved in immune function). Bone pain is common, often in lower back.
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Neoplastic disease where bone marrow is replaced with plasma cells (lymphocyte-like cell involved in immune function). Bone pain is common, often in lower back.
Multiple Myeloma
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Immunohematology
The study of blood cell reactions for the therapeutic replacement of blood. Principles of immunohematology are used in blood banks.
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The study of blood cell reactions for the therapeutic replacement of blood. Principles are used in blood banks.
Immunohematology
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Blood Bank
Responsible for collecting, storing, and processing blood for transfusions, as well as providing patient compatible transfusions with the hope of preventing a transfusion reaction.
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Responsible for collecting, storing, and processing blood for transfusions, as well as providing patient compatible transfusions with the hope of preventing a transfusion reaction.
Blood Bank
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Transfusion Components
Blood transfusions may involve whole blood, plasma only, packed RBCs, cryoprecipitates, or platelets only.
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Plasma
Fluid portion of blood without cellular elements; it contains all coagulation factors.
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Fluid portion of blood without cellular elements; it contains all coagulation factors.
Plasma
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Cryoprecipitates
A transfusion component that is prepared by thawing fresh frozen plasma and collecting the precipitate. High in factor VIII and fibrinogen. Used in massive hemorrhage.
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A transfusion component that is prepared by thawing fresh frozen plasma and collecting the precipitate. High in factor VIII and fibrinogen. Used in massive hemorrhage.
Cryoprecipitate
99
Transfusion Complications
Can be categorized as acute (within 24 hours), or delayed, and infectious or non-infectious. The most common fatal complication is Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) where antibodies in the transfusion activate the recipient's immune system and trigger non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
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Antibodies in the transfusion activate the recipient's immune system and trigger non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury
TRALI
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Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury
Antibodies in the transfusion activate the recipient's immune system and trigger non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
102
Umbilical Cord Blood
Parents can donate their infants cord blood for stem cell transplants to treat oncologic, genetic, hematologic, and immunodeficiency disorders.
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Parents can donate this for stem cell transplants to treat oncologic, genetic, hematologic, and immunodeficiency disorders.
Umbilical Cord Blood
