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Human Physiology and Pathophysiology > Introduction to Human Physiology and Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

Is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure.

Examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

It is the study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope.

A

Gross Anatomy

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3
Q

Partakes left upper extremity, left lower extremity, the abdomen, chest area

A

Regional

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4
Q

Circulatory system, Digestive system

A

Systematic

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5
Q

The study of normal structure of an organism under the microscope

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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6
Q

Examines the structural features of cells.

A

Cytology

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7
Q

Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them.

A

Histology

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8
Q

Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.

A

Developmental Anatomy

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9
Q

Considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development.

A

Embryology

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10
Q

Six Levels of Organization

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ System
  6. Organism
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11
Q

Involves interaction between atoms, molecules and substances alike.

A

Chemical

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12
Q

are the basic structural and functional units of plants and animals

A

Cell

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13
Q

“little organs”, are specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells.

A

Organelles

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14
Q

Is composed of a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them.

A

Tissue

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15
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
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16
Q

is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions.

A

Organ

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17
Q

Is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.

A

Organ System

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18
Q

Is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.

A

Organism

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19
Q

Is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival

A

Homeostasis

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20
Q

Mechanisms that regulate / maintain homeostasis in the body

A

Negative-feedback mechanism and Positive-feedback mechanism

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21
Q

means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.

A

Negative - Feedback Mechanism

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22
Q

Three components of Negative feedback mechanism

A
  1. Receptor – monitors the variables
  2. Control Center -receives information about the variable, establishes the set point, and controls the effector.
  3. Effector – produces response that changes the value of the variable.
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23
Q

Occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.

A

Positive - Feedback Mechanism

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24
Q

Refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.

A

Anatomical Position

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25
Directional Terms: Up
Superior
26
Directional Terms: Down
Inferior
27
Directional Terms: Front
Anterior
28
Directional Terms: Back
Posterior
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Directional Terms: Towards the head, synonymous to superior
Cephalic
30
Directional Terms: Towards the tail, synonymous to inferior
Caudal
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Directional Terms: Towards the belly, synonymous to anterior
Ventral
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Directional Terms: Towards the back, synonymous to posterior
Dorsal
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Directional Terms: Nearest (located in the trunk / midline of the body; shoulder, thighs)
Proximal
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Directional Terms: Distant (farther away from the midline trunk; elbow, legs, feet, hands)
Distal
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Directional Terms: Away from the midline (sideways)
Lateral
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Directional Terms: Towards the midline (situated in the middle of the trunk)
Medial
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Directional Terms: Structure close to the surface of the body
Superficial
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Directional Terms: Towards the interior of the body
Deep
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Head, Neck, and Trunk
Central Region
40
Regions: Divided into arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
Upper limb
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Regions: divided into thigh, ankle, leg, and foot
Lower limb
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Regions: Chest area
Thorax
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Regions: area between thorax and pelvis
Abdomen
44
is described as two intersecting imaginary lines, one horizontal and one vertical. Quadrants formed are known as UR, UL, LR, LL
Quadrant
45
are described with four imaginary lines, two horizontal and two vertical lines, like a “tic-tac-toe”. Are known as epigastric R and L hypochondriac, umbilical, R and L Lumbar, hypogastric, and R and L iliac.
Region
46
inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips
Pelvis
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* Describe the body as having imaginary flat surfaces. | * A plane divides, or sections the body, making it possible to “look inside” and observe the body’s structures.
Planes
48
Types of Planes: o Runs vertically through the body, separating it into right and left portions.
Sagittal
49
is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.
Media plane
50
Types of Planes: Runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
Transverse (Horizontal)
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Types of Planes: o Runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontal (Coronal)
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Three main cavities of the trunk: The rib cage surrounds the thoracic cavity, and the muscular diaphragm separates it from the abdominal cavity.
Thoracic cavity
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separates the thoracic cavity into right and left parts.
Mediastinum
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Three main cavities of the trunk: Primarily enclosed with the abdominal muscles, and this cavity contains the stomach, intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys.
Abdominal cavity
55
Three main cavities of the trunk: The Pelvic bones encases the Pelvic cavity, where the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine and the internal reproductive organs are housed.
Pelvic cavity
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These are structures that line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within these cavities.
Serous Membranes
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type of serous membrane: Outer layer of the membrane
Parietal Serous Membrane
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Type of membrane: Covers the organ
Visceral Serous Membrane
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Three serous membrane-lined cavities: surrounds the heart
Pericardial Cavity
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Three serous membrane-lined cavities: surrounds the lungs
Pleural Cavity
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Three serous membrane-lined cavities: surrounds the abdominal pelvic cavity
Peritoneal Cavity
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anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.
Mesenteries
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The study of the function and the regulation of the different organ systems of the body.
Human Physiology
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Attempts to uncover evolutionary relationships between organisms or groups of organisms
Comparative Physiology
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Focuses on understanding how molecular and cellular processes give rise to complex physiologic functions.
Cellular & Molecular Physiology
66
The basic living unit of the body
Cell
67
Membrane Bound
1. Nucleus 2. Plasma Membrane 3. Mitochondria 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum 5. Golgi Apparatus 6. Lysosomes 7. Peroxisomes
68
Cystoskeleton
1. Microfilaments (Actin Filaments) 2. Intermediate Filaments 3. Microtubules
69
Presence of ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Absence of ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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o Post-translational modification of proteins | o Packages proteins for delivery
Golgi Apparatus
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serve as a storage pool
Secretory Granules
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Contains digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
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* The cell eating process, lysosome engulfs it then it is digested by the cell * Is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.
Phagocytosis
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Contains oxidative enzymes
Peroxisomes
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• Function: o Maintain cell structure o Change cell shape o Cell motility
Cytoskeleton
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o Locomotion o Link to adjacent cells  Zonula adherens / occludens
Actin Microfilaments
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Keratin in epithelial cells
Intermediate Filaments
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Desmosomes & Hemidesmosomes
Extracellular Linkage
80
Absence of Lysosomal Enzymes
Lysosomal Diseases
81
Accumulation of very long chain fatty acids, VLCFCAs
Lorenzo’s Oil
82
Uncontrolled mitosis in tumor cells
Microtubules & Cancer
83
Antitumor drug: prevents formation of microtubules
Vincristine
84
Antitumor drug: stabilizes microtubules
Taxol
85
Corrective response prior to onset of change on set point values.
Feedforward Regulation
86
A condition of reduced tissue perfusion, resulting in the inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients that are necessary for cellular function.
Hemorrhagic Shock
87
Largest organ of human body
Skin / Integument
88
sense of touch: sensations of temperature, pressure, & pain
Somatic
89
sense of touch: give conception of body in space (proprioception)
Kinesthetic
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sense of touch: such as stomach ache or nausea but you cannot pinpoint where pain is elicited.
Visceral
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hairless skin
Glabrous
92
translate physical force into nerve impulses
Mechanoreceptors
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• Processed in postcentral gyrus o About top middle area of brain o Often referred to as primary somatosensory cortex o More direct sensory input information than any other part of brain.
Touch Processing
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hypothalamus is also known as
Body's Thermostat
95
most of body heat production is in:
Liver, Brain, Heart, and Skeletal muscles during exercise
96
sweat is made up of...
water and electrolytes such as sodium, chloride, and potassium.
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most superficial skin
Epidermis
98
five layers of epidermis: outermost, toughest layer of skin, often gets eroded, and often dead
Stratum Corneum
99
five layers of epidermis: clear layer holding substance
Stratum Lucidum
100
where is Eleidin is mostly found?
Palms or soles
101
``` five layers of epidermis: • Flattened cells – No nuclei • Granular appearance • Due to Keratohyalin o Also becomes Keratin ```
Stratum Granulosum
102
five layers of epidermis: AKA Squamous
Stratum Spinosum
103
five layers of epidermis: AKA Germinativum
Stratum Basale
104
4 types of epidermal cells
Keratinocytes Melanocytes Langerhans Cells Merkel Cells
105
main component of hair, skin, and nails
Scleroprotein
106
produce keratin
Keratinocytes
107
produce melanin
Melanocytes
108
Have an immune function, confined in the fourth inner most layer of the epidermis.
Langerhans Cells

Human Physiology and Pathophysiology (1 decks)

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