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Introduction to I/O Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Branch of psychology that applies the principles of psychology to the workplace

A

Industrial-organizational psychology

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2
Q

What is the purpose of I/O?

A

To enhance the dignity and performance of human beings, and the organizations they work in, by advancing the science and knowledge of human behavior

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3
Q

Principles of Learning

A

develop training programs and incentive plans

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4
Q

Principles of social psychology

A

used to form work groups and understand employee conflict

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5
Q

Principles of motivation and emotion

A

used to motivate and satisfy empoyees

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6
Q

Difference between I/O Psychology and business fields

A

I/O studies factors that affect the people in an organization as opposed to running an organization

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7
Q

I/O Psychology relies on empirical data and statistics rather than intuition.
TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Psychologists who work for organizations and help employees with
such problems as drug and alcohol abuse are called?

A

Counselors

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9
Q

How can I/O psychologists improve the quality of life?

A

The effectiveness of the employee can positively impact the quality of the products. Hence, it could reduces possible repair and replacement cost.

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10
Q

What is the goal of I/O Psychology?

A

to increase the productivity and well-being of employees

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11
Q

Industrial approach

A

focuses on determining the
competencies needed to perform a job, staffing the organization with employees who have those competencies, and increasing those competencies through training.

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12
Q

Organizational approach

A

creates an organizational structure and culture that will motivate employees to perform well, give them the necessary information to do their jobs, and provide working conditions that are safe and result in an enjoyable and satisfying work/life environment.

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13
Q

Personnel Psychology

A

The field of study that concentrates
on the selection and evaluation
of employees.

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14
Q

professionals involved in personnel psychology study and practice in such areas as

A

analyzing jobs, recruiting applicants, selecting employees,
determining salary levels, training employees, and evaluating employee performance.

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15
Q

Organizational psychology

A

The field of study that investigates the behavior of employees within the context of an organization.

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16
Q

Psychologists involved in organizational psychology are concerned in

A

with the issues of leadership, job satisfaction, employee motivation, organizational communication,
conflict management, organizational change, and group processes within an organization

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17
Q

Human Factors/Ergonomics

A

A field of study concentrating on the interaction between humans and machines

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18
Q

Wrote The Theory of Advertising (psychology was first applied in business)

A

Walter Dill Scott (1903)

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19
Q

Wrote Psychology and Industrial Efficiency

A

Hugo Münsterberg (1910; published in 1913 in english)

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20
Q

Wrote Increasing Human Efficiency in Business

A

Walter Dill Scott (1911)

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21
Q

Army Alpha

A

An intelligence test developed during World War I and used by the army for
soldiers who can read.

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22
Q

Army Beta

A

An intelligence test developed during World War I and used by the army for
soldiers who cannot read.

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23
Q

Better known as a pioneer in behaviorism, served as a major in the U.S. Army in World War I and developed perceptual and motor
tests for potential pilots

A

John Watson

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24
Q

Created a 163-item knowledge test that he administered to over 900 applicants

A

Thomas Edison (1920)

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25
Improve productivity and reduce fatigue by studying the motions used by workers
Frank Gilbreth and Lilian Moller Gilbreth
26
A series of studies, conducted at the Western Electric plant in Hawthorne, Illinois, that have come to represent any change in behavior when people react to a change in the environment.
Hawthorne studies
27
When employees change their behavior due solely to the fact that they are receiving attention or are being observed.
Hawthorne Effect
28
Characterized by the passage of several major pieces of civil rights legislation
1960s
29
Brought great strides in the understanding of many organizational psychology issues that involved employee satisfaction and motivation.
1970S
30
Resulted in the increased use of behavior-modification techniques in organizations.
B. F. Skinner’s (1971) Beyond Freedom and Dignity
31
What are the changes brought during the 1980s and 1990s?
1. An increased use of fairly sophisticated statistical techniques and methods of analysis 2. Concerned a new interest in the application of cognitive psychology to industry (such as by examining the thought process used by managers when they conduct such appraisals) 3. The increased interest in the effects of work on family life and leisure activities 4. I/O psychologists took a renewed interest in developing methods to select employees
32
Graduate Record Exam (GRE)
A standardized admission test required by most psychology graduate schools.
33
Terminal master’s degree programs
Graduate programs that offer a master’s degree but not a Ph.D.
34
Internship
A situation in which a student works for an organization, either for pay or as a volunteer, to receive practical work experience.
35
Practicum
A paid or unpaid position with an organization that gives a student practical work experience.
36
Dissertation
A formal research paper required of most doctoral students in order to graduate.
37
Hypothesis
An educated prediction about the answer to a research question.
38
Theory
A systematic set of assumptions regarding the cause and nature of behavior.
39
Exploratory Study
Study without hypothesis; needs further studies to confirm the results
40
What is the first step in conducting a research?
Deciding on what to research
41
What is the second step in conducting a research?
Form a hypothesis
42
What is the third step in conducting a research?
Search the study for a similar literature
43
Journals
A written collection of articles describing the methods and results of new research. (Note: written by researchers)
44
Bridge publications
Designed to “bridge the gap” between academia and the applied world. Articles in these publications are usually written by professors about a topic of interest to practitioners
45
Leading Journals in I/O Psychology
Journal of Applied Psychology, Personnel Psychology, Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, and Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
46
Examples of Bridge Publications
Academy of Management Executive, Harvard Business Review, and Organizational Dynamics
47
Trade Magazines
A collection of articles for those “in the biz,” about related professional topics, seldom directly reporting the methods and results of new research.
48
Examples of Trade Magazines
HR Magazines and Training
49
Magazines
An unscientific collection of articles about a wide range of topics.
50
Is internet a secondary source? TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
51
What is the fourth step in conducting a sresearch?
Decide on the location of the research (laboratory or in the field)
52
External validity
The extent to which research results can be expected to hold true outside the specific setting in which they were obtained.
53
Generalizability
Like external validity, the extent to which research results hold true outside the specific setting in which they were obtained.
54
What could be the disadvantages of conducting a Laboratory Research?
External Validity or Generalizability
55
Field research
Research conducted in a natural setting as opposed to a laboratory.
56
What could be the disadvantages of conducting a Field Research?
Internal Validity (loses control of extraneous variables)
57
Informed Consent
The formal process by which subjects give permission to be included in a study.
58
When can an informed consent can be waived?
Only if the importance of the study outweighs the negative consequences
59
Institutional Review Board
A committee designated to ensure the ethical treatment of research subjects.
60
What is the next step after determining the location to used for the research study?
Determine the research method to use
61
What is the most powerful research method?
Experimental research (It is the only one who can determine cause-and-effect relationships)
62
Cause-and-effect relationships
The result of a well-controlled experiment about which the researcher can confidently state that the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable.
63
Experiment
A type of research study in which the independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter.
64
Manipulation
The alteration of a variable by an experimenter in expectation that the alteration will result in a change in the dependent variable.
65
Independent variable
The manipulated variable in an experiment.
66
Dependent variable
The measure of behavior that is expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable.
67
Experimental group
In an experiment, the group of subjects that receives the experimental treatment of interest to the experimenter.
68
Control Group
A group of employees who do not receive a particular type of training so that their performance can be compared with that of employees who do receive training.
69
What are the two characteristics of Experiment?
(1) manipulation of one or more independent variables and (2) random assignment of subjects to experimental and control conditions.
70
Quasi-experiments
Research method in which the experimenter either does not manipulate the independent variable or in which subjects are not randomly assigned to conditions.
71
Archival Research
Research that involves the use of previously collected data.
72
What are the drawbacks of Archival Research?
Records in files are not always accurate and are not always kept up-to-date
73
What are the important things to consider in selecting a survey method?
Consider whether the intended population can access the medium of the survey (e.g., access to email, access to a computer, access to a phone with a landline), whether they will agree to complete the survey (e.g., survey length), and the extent to which the person will provide honest and accurate answers
74
Meta-Analysis
A statistical method of reaching conclusions based on previous research.
75
Effect size
Used in meta-analysis, a statistic that indicates the amount of change caused by an experimental manipulation.
76
Mean effect size
Used in meta-analysis, a statistic that is the average of the effect sizes for all studies included in the analysis.
77
Correlation coefficients
A statistic, resulting from performing a correlation, that indicates the magnitude and direction of a relationship.
78
What does the d score indicates?
It indicates the number of standard deviations in which the two groups differ.
79
Difference Score
A type of effect size used in meta-analysis that is signified by the letter d and indicates how many standard deviations separate the mean score for the experimental group from the control group.
80
Practical Significance
The extent to which the results of a study have actual impact on human behavior.
81
What is the average effect size for an organizational intervention?
.44
82
Random Sample
A sample in which every member of the relevant population had an equal chance of being chosen to participate in the study.
83
Convenience sample
A nonrandom research sample that is used because it is easily available.
84
Random assignment
The random, unbiased assignment of subjects in a research sample to the various experimental and control conditions.
85
Debriefed
Informing the subject in an experiment about the purpose of the study in which he or she was a participant and providing any other relevant information.
86
Correlation
A statistical procedure used to measure the relationship between two variables.
87
Intervening Variable
A third variable that can often explain the relationship between two other variables.
88
Type A dilemma
A high level of uncertainty as to what is right or wrong, there appears to be no best solution, and there are both positive and negative consequences to a decision.
89
Type B dilemma or Rationalizing dilemmas
Individuals know what is right but choose the solution that is most advantageous to themselves.

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