Introduction to Immune Response

Question 1

4 Major classes of pathogens?

Answer 1

Parasites, Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses

Question 2

What are the 2 subsystems of the immuen system in mammals?

Answer 2

Innate and Adaptive

Question 3

What does it mean that innate immune system is hardwired?

Answer 3

Encoded in germline

Question 4

What is the key advantage of hte innate immune system?

Answer 4

Activated instantly

Question 5

What are the disadvantages of the innate system?

Answer 5

Not specific
No memory
Collateral Damage

Question 6

What is the advantage of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 6

Memory and specificity

Question 7

What is the disadvantage of the adaptive system?

Answer 7

Takes 7-10 days before operational

Question 8

What is the first layer of defense in the innate system?

Answer 8

Physical barriers to infections and simple biochemical toxins

Question 9

What are the components of the first level of innate defense?

Answer 9

Skin and Mucosa

Question 10

What is produced on the skin in response to antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 10

defensins

Question 11

Why is the mucosa more vulnerable to invasion than skin?

Answer 11

No tough epidermis layer

Question 12

What are the defensive strategies of hte mucosa?

Answer 12

Mucus- trap invaders
Cilia: eject particles from lung
low pH: in gastric secretions and urine
Tears/Saliva: hydrolytic enzymes

Question 13

Where are antibacterial peptides used in immune defense?

Answer 13

skin, gut lungs

Question 14

Where is longitudinal air/fluid flow used in immune system?

Answer 14

Skin, gut

Question 15

What is the 2nd line of innate immunity?

Answer 15

Cells providing initial protection against pathogens that have breached the physical barriers

Question 16

What are PAMPS?

Answer 16

Pathogen-associated Molecular Pattern

Molecular patterns unique to microbes and not seen in normal cellular structures

Question 17

What are DAMPs?

Answer 17

Damage Associated Molecular Pattern : Patterns unique to damaged cells and absent in normal structures

Question 18

What receptors recognize PAMPS and DAMPS?

Answer 18

PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors)

Question 19

What are the major families of PRRs?

Answer 19

TLR, RLR, NLR

Question 20

What turns the innate immune response o?

Answer 20

Activation of TLR

Question 21

What are the two pathways that the innate immune system uses to neutralize a threat?

Answer 21

Soluble proteins from liver

Immune effector cells

Question 22

What is the role of mannose and mannose binding receptors in innate system?

Answer 22

Facilitates uptake of bacteria into phagocytic cells by binding to mannose containing structural componenets in bacterial cell walls

Question 23

What is the mannose binding protein a precursor of?

Answer 23

Antibody(immunoglobulin) systems

Question 24

What is the most common leukocyte in peripheral blood?

Answer 24

neutrophils

Question 25

What is another name for neutrophils?

Answer 25

PMNs (Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes)

Question 26

What do esoinophils target?

Answer 26

Their granules target large parasites

Question 27

What happens when a patient has a large number of eosinophils?

Answer 27

Large parasite infection or allergic reaction

Question 28

What are the least common leukocytes found in blood?

Answer 28

Mast cells and basophils

Question 29

What kind of reactiosn are basophils/mast cells important in?

Answer 29

Antibody reactions and parasite defense

Question 30

What is the difference between monocyte and macrophages?

Answer 30

Monocyte: circulating in blood (precursor for macrophages) Macrophage: tissue sentinels

Question 31

What is the difference between monocyte and macrophages?

Answer 31

Monocyte: circulating in blood (precursor for macrophages) Macrophage: tissue sentinels

Question 32

what are DCs?

Answer 32

Dendritic Cells: sentinel cells that activate the adaptive system by sampling environment for danger Rich in TLRs and recognize DAMPs and PAMPs to activate

Question 33

Where do DCs come from?

Answer 33

Bone MArrow

Question 34

Where do you find DCs?

Answer 34

All tissues

Question 35

What are NK Cells?

Answer 35

Large granular lymphocytes that constantly sample cell surface of host cells to scan for viral infections or mutations

Question 36

Do NK Cells have antigen specific receptors?

Answer 36

No

Question 37

What are gamma-delta lymphocytes and NKT lymphocytes?

Answer 37

Interfaces with both innate and adaptive immunity. Probably step in development of adaptive system

Question 38

What do cytokines do?

Answer 38

Mediate cellular communications that link humoral and cellular mediate immunity

Question 39

What has evolutionary pressures forced cytokin systems to develop?

Answer 39

Families, pleiotropism, redundancy

Question 40

What is the unique property of adaptive system?

Answer 40

CAn specifically recognize antigens Retain memory Learns how NOT to react with self antigens Clonal expansion

Question 41

What is the relationship between the adaptive immune system and innate system?

Answer 41

Innate system provides the initial response as the adaptive system gears up and then serves as gateway and facilitator of the adaptive response Used again as the final arbiter of defensive reaction

Question 42

What are the new functions given to macrophages and DCs in the adaptive system?

Answer 42

Uptake and processing of pathogens and displaying on surface to alert adaptive system

Question 43

What orchestrates the adaptive system?

Answer 43

small lymphocytes- proliferates and amplifies a specific targted lethal respnose Also forms memory of the event for secondary response

Question 44

What lymphocytes become plasma cells to produce antibodies?

Answer 44

B cell -> humoral response

Question 45

What kind of infections do B cells ina daptive immunity defend against?

Answer 45

EC infections and EC toxins

Question 46

What role does T cells play in adaptive immunity?

Answer 46

Orchestrate the immune response (helper) or target and kill cells (cytotoxicity) Cell-mediated immunity

Question 47

What kind of infections are T cells effective in defending against?

Answer 47

Intracellular infections

Question 48

What kind of infections are T cells effective in defending against?

Answer 48

Intracellular infections

Question 49

What is the complement system?

Answer 49

Series of enzymes acting in cascade to amplify innate response

Question 50

What do plasma cells do?

Answer 50

secerte antibodies and release them into plasma and EC flulids

Question 51

What are the 3 biggest differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 51

Timing: innate is immediate, adaptive has lag Specificity: adaptive is specific Memory

Question 52

Which immunity has specificity inherited in the genome?

Answer 52

Innate

Question 53

Which immunity is expressed in all cells of a particular type?

Answer 53

Innate

Question 54

Which immunity triggers immediate response?

Answer 54

Innate

Question 55

Which immunity recognizes a broad class of pathogens?

Answer 55

Innate

Question 56

Which immunity interacts with a range of molecular structures?

Answer 56

innate

Question 57

Which immunity is encoded in multiple gene segments?

Answer 57

Adaptive

Question 58

Which immunity requires rearrangement?

Answer 58

Adaptive

Question 59

Whic immunity has clonal distribution?

Answer 59

Adaptive