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IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY > Introduction to Immunity and the Immune System > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunity and the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body

A

Immunology

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2
Q

Substances that induce a host response

A

Immunogens

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3
Q

Condition of being resistant to infection.

A

Immune

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4
Q

English doctor that was able to successfully prevent infection with smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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5
Q

He observed by chance that older bacterial cultures would not cause disease in chickens

A

Louis Pasteur

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6
Q

To make pathogen less virulent

A

Attenuation

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7
Q

Principle used for the prevention of rabies

A

Attenuation

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8
Q

He observed under a microscope that foreign objects introduced into transparent starfish larvae became surrounded by motile amoeboid-like cells that attempted to destroy the penetrating objects.

A

Elie Metchnikoff

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9
Q

He demonstrated that diphtheria and tetanus toxins, could be neutralized by the noncellular portion of the blood of animals previously exposed to the microorganisms.

A

Emil von Behring

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10
Q

He linked the two theories by showing that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements.

A

Almroth Wright

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11
Q

Acted to coat bacteria so that they became more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells.

A

Opsonins

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12
Q

Specific proteins that increase nonspecifically in any infection.

A

Acute-phase reactants

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13
Q

Serum proteins produced by certain lymphocytes when exposed to a foreign substance

A

Antibodies

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14
Q

Individual’s ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.

A

Innate or natural immunity

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15
Q

Characteristics of Natural Immunity

A

Nonadaptive or nonspecific
No prior exposure is required
Response lacks memory and specificity.

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16
Q

Factors that affect Natural Immunity

A 
Nutrition
Age
Fatigue
Stress
Genetic determinants.
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17
Q

Type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure.

A

Adaptive Immunity

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18
Q

Types of leukocytes

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes.
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19
Q

Type of leukocyte that is not part of innate immunity

A

Lymphocytes

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20
Q

Cells where all blood cells arise

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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21
Q

Precursor cells for WBCs

A

Common Myeloid Precursors (CMP) and Common Lymphoid Precursors (CLP)

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22
Q

Precursor cell that give rise to the WBCs that participate in phagocytosis

A

Common myeloid precursor

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23
Q

Cells that arise from common lymphoid precursor

A

Lymphocytes

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24
Q

Percentage of total neutrophils in blood

A

50% to 75%

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25
Q

Neutrophils are often called

A

Segmenters / segs

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26
Q

Antimicrobial products of neutrophils’ azurophilic granules

A 
Myeloperoxidase
Elastase
Defensins
Lysozyme
Cathepsin G
Proteinase-3
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27
Q

Antimicrobial products of neutrophils’ specific granules

A 
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Collagenase
Gelatinase
Respiratory burst components
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28
Q

The main function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis

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29
Q

Neutrophils can be found in

A

Marginating pool and circulation

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30
Q

Process where neutrophils move from the circulating blood to the tissues

A

Diapedesis

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31
Q

Chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction.

A

Chemotaxins

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32
Q

Level of neutrophils during infection

A

Increased

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33
Q

Percentage of circulating eosinophils in nonallergic person

A

1% and 3%

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34
Q

Cells that arise from common lymphoid precursor

A

T cells
NK cells
B cells
Dendritic cells

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35
Q

Cells that arise from common myeloid precursor

A 
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Erythrocytes 
Thrombocytes
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36
Q

Eosinophil level during allergic and parasitic infections

A

Increased levels

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37
Q

Shape and location of eosinophils’ nucleus

A

Bilobed or ellipsoidal; eccentrically located

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38
Q

Color of eosinophils’ cytoplasmic granules

A

Orange to reddish-orange

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39
Q

Granules in eosinophils contain a large number of previously synthesized proteins including

A 
Catalase
Lysozyme
Cytokines (chemical messengers)
Growth factors
Cationic proteins
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40
Q

Eosinophils are able to neutralize basophil and mast cell products. True or False?

A

True

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41
Q

The most important role of eosinophils

A

Regulation of the immune response, including regulation of mast cell function.

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42
Q

Least numerous WBCs

A

Basophils

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43
Q

Percentage of circulating basophils

A

Less than 1%

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44
Q

Smallest granulocyte

A

Basophils

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45
Q

Constituent of basophils’ granules

A

Histamine
Cytokines
Growth factors
Heparin

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46
Q

Cell that stimulates B cells to produce the antibody IgE

A

Basophils

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47
Q

Basophils regulate T helper (Th) cell responses. True or False?

A

True

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48
Q

Largest cell in the peripheral blood

A

Monocytes

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49
Q

Distinguishing feature of monocyte

A

Irregularly folded or horseshoe-shaped nucleus that occupies almost one-half of the entire cell’s volume

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50
Q

Cytoplasmic appearance of monocytes

A

Grayish blue / Ground-glass appearance

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51
Q

First type of monocyte’s granules contains

A

Peroxidase
Acid phosphatase
Arylsulfatase

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52
Q

Second type of monocyte’s granules contains

A

β-glucuronidase
Lysozyme
Lipase

No alkaline phosphatase

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53
Q

Percentage of total circulating monocytes

A

Between 4% to 10%

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54
Q

Monocyte in tissue is called

A

Macrophage

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55
Q

Macrophage precursor

A

Monocytes

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56
Q

Tissue distribution of macrophages

A

Random phenomenon

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57
Q

Macrophages in the lung

A

Alveolar macrophages

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58
Q

Macrophages in the liver

A

Kupffer cells

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59
Q

Macrophages in the brain

A

Microglial cells

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60
Q

Macrophages in the bone

A

Osteoclasts

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61
Q

Macrophages in the connective tissue

A

Histiocytes

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62
Q

Innate immune functions of macrophage

A 
Intracellular parasite eradication
Secretion of cell mediators 
Phagocytosis 
Anti-tumor activity 
Microbial killing
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63
Q

Effect of cytokines in macrophages

A

Enhanced killing activity

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64
Q

_____ play a major role in the adaptive immune response by presenting antigens to T and B cells.

A

Macrophages

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65
Q

Cell that resembles basophils

A

Mast cells

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66
Q

Enzyme content of the granules in mast cells

A

Acid phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase
Protease
Histamine

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67
Q

How to differentiate basophils from mast cells

A

Enzyme content of granules

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68
Q

Roles of mast cells

A

Allergic reactions
Antigen-presenting cell
Enhance and suppress adaptive immune system

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69
Q

Who discovered dendritic cells and when?

A

Steinman and Cohn in 1973

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70
Q

Most effective antigen-presenting cell

A

Dendritic cells

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71
Q

Most potent phagocytic cell

A

Dendritic cells

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72
Q

The key cell involved in the adaptive immune response

A

Lymphocyte

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73
Q

Lymphocytes represent a percentage of _____ of the circulating WBCs

A

20% and 40%

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74
Q

Size of a typical small lymphocyte

A

Similar in size to RBCs (7–10 μm in diameter)

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75
Q

Characteristics of a lymphocytes

A

Large rounded nucleus (may be indented)
Nuclear chromatin is dense and tends to stain a deep blue
Cytoplasm is sparse, with few organelles and no specific granules
Consists of a narrow ring surrounding the nucleus
The cytoplasm stains a lighter blue

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76
Q

These cells arise from an HSC and then are further differentiated in the primary lymphoid organs

A

Lymphocytes

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77
Q

Lymphocytes can be divided into three major populations

A

T cells
B cells
Natural killer (NK) cells

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78
Q

In the total lymphocytes of the peripheral blood, B cells presents a percentage of

A

10%-20%

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79
Q

In the total lymphocytes of the peripheral blood, T cells presents a percentage of

A

61%-80%

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80
Q

In the total lymphocytes of the peripheral blood, NK cells presents a percentage of

A

10%-15%

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81
Q

Antigenic groups identified by different sets of antibodies reacting in a similar manner to certain standard cell lines best describes

A

Clusters of differentiation (CD)

82
Q

End product of B cell differentiation

A

B lymphocyte programmed to produce a unique antibody molecule

83
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of B cells

A

B cells can be recognized by the presence of membrane-bound antibodies of two types, namely immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin (IgD)

84
Q

Surface proteins that appear on B cells

A 
IgG
IgM
CD19
CD21
MHC II
85
Q

Maturation site of B cells

A

Bone marrow

86
Q

Maturation site of T cells

A

Thymus

87
Q

Lymphocyte precursors are called

A

Thymocytes

88
Q

How does thymocytes enter the thymus?

A

Lymphocyte precursors called thymocytes enter the thymus from the bone marrow through the bloodstream

89
Q

Role of T cells

A

The role of T cells is to produce cytokines that contribute to immunity by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies, assisting in killing tumor cells or infected target cells, and helping to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response

90
Q

Process of production of cytokines that contribute to immunity by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies, assisting in killing tumor cells or infected target cells, and helping to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response

A

Cell-mediated immunity

91
Q

Three main subtypes of T cells

A

Helper
Cytolytic
Regulatory T cells

92
Q

T cells bearing the CD4 receptor are

A

Mainly either helper or regulatory cells

93
Q

CD8-positive (CD8+) population

A

Consists of cytotoxic T cells

94
Q

The ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells in peripheral blood

A

2:1

95
Q

Lymphocytes they do not express the markers of either T cells or B cells are called

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

96
Q

Cells that have the ability to kill target cells without prior exposure to them

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

97
Q

Cells that do not thymus for development

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

98
Q

Maturation site of NK cells

A

Bone marrow

99
Q

Size of NK cells

A

NK cells are generally larger than T cells and B cells at approximately 15 μm in diameter

100
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of NK cells

A

Kidney-shaped nuclei
Condensed chromatin
Prominent nucleoli

101
Q

Other name of NK cells

A

Large granular lymphocytes
3rd population lymphocytes
Null lymphocytes
Non-B Non-T lymphocytes

102
Q

Percentage of NK cells in circulating lymphoid pool

A

10%-15%

103
Q

NK cells are found mainly in

A

Liver
Spleen
Peripheral blood

104
Q

Unique surface markers of NK cells

A

None

105
Q

CD markers of NK cells

A

CD16

CD56

106
Q

NK cell receptor for the nonspecific end of antibodies

A

CD16

107
Q

It allows NK cells to make contact with and then lyse any cell coated with antibodies

A

CD16

108
Q

Cells capable of recognizing any foreign cell and represent the first line of defense against virally infected cells and tumor cells

A

NK cells

109
Q

Does NK cells have the capability to develop memory to specific antigens

A

Yes

110
Q

NK cells have a half-life of

A

7-10 days

111
Q

Transitional cell bridging the innate and the adaptive immune response against pathogens

A

NK cells

112
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

113
Q

Maturation of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

A

Primary lymphoid organs

114
Q

Provide a location where contact with foreign antigens occur

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

115
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissues (CALT)
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

116
Q

Considered one of the largest tissues in the body and it fills the core of all long flat bones

A

Bone marrow

117
Q

The main source of hematopoietic stem cells

A

Bone marrow

118
Q

Maturation site of NK cells and B cells

A

Bone marrow

119
Q

How does B cell received its name?

A

B cells received their name because they were originally found to mature in birds in an organ called the bursa of Fabricius, which is similar to the appendix in humans

120
Q

How does T cell received its name?

A

Other lymphocyte precursors go to the thymus and develop into T cells, so named because of where they mature

121
Q

Immature T cells appear in the fetus as early as

A

8 weeks in the gestational period

122
Q

Small, flat, bilobed organ found in the thorax

A

Thymus

123
Q

Location of thymus

A

Found in the thorax, or chest cavity, right below the thyroid gland and overlying the heart

124
Q

Weight of thymus

A

Thymus reaches a weight of 30 to 40 g by puberty and then gradually shrinks in size

125
Q

Relationship of the thymus size and production of T cells

A

As thymus diminishes in size as humans age, it is still capable of producing T lymphocytes, although at a diminished rate

126
Q

Duration of T cell maturation

A

3 weeks

127
Q

Lymphocyte circulation between the secondary organs is regulated by

A

Different cell surface adhesion molecules and cytokines

128
Q

Where does lymphocytes spend most of its life span

A

Solid tissues

129
Q

Lymphocytes in secondary organs travel through the tissue and return to the bloodstream by way of

A

Thoracic duct

130
Q

Largest lymphatic vessel in the body

A

Thoracic duct

131
Q

The thoracic duct collects most of the body’s lymph fluid and empties it into the

A

Left subclavian vein

132
Q

The majority of circulating lymphocytes are

A

T cells

133
Q

Continuous recirculation increases the likelihood of a T lymphocyte coming into contact with the specific antigen with which it can react. True or false?

A

True

134
Q

Effector cells that serve a regulatory role

A

T lymphocytes

135
Q

Functions to produce antibodies

A

B lymphocytes

136
Q

Where does lymphopoiesis occur

A

Secondary lymphoid tissue

137
Q

Lymphopoiesis in secondary lymphoid tissue depends on

A

Antigenic stimulation

138
Q

Does the formation of lymphocytes in the bone marrow, depends on antigen stimulation?

A

No

139
Q

What does antigen-independent lymphopoiesis means?

A

Lymphocytes are constantly being produced without the presence of specific antigens

140
Q

This process gives rise to long-lived memory cells and shorter-lived effector cells that are responsible for the generation of the immune response

A

Antigen activation

141
Q

Largest secondary lymphoid organ

A

Spleen

142
Q

Length and weight of spleen in adult

A

12 cm and weighs 150 g

143
Q

Location of spleen

A

Upper-left quadrant of the abdomen just below the diaphragm

144
Q

Spleen is surrounded by

A

Thin connective tissue capsule

145
Q

This organ is characterized as a large discriminating filter as it removes old and damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood.

A

Spleen

146
Q

Two types of splenic tissue

A

Red pulp

White pulp

147
Q

Tissue that makes up more than one-half of the total volume of spleen

A

Red pulp

148
Q

Function of red pulp

A

Destroy old red blood cells (RBCs)

149
Q

Blood flows from the arterioles into the red pulp and then exits by way of the

A

Splenic vein

150
Q

Tissue that comprise approximately 20% of the total weight of the spleen

A

White pulp

151
Q

Function of white pulp

A

Produce WBCs

152
Q

Composition of white pulp

A

Contains the lymphoid tissue, which is arranged around arterioles in a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)

153
Q

Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) contains mainly

A

T cells

154
Q

It is attached to the PALS which contain B cells that are not yet stimulated by antigens

A

Primary follicles

155
Q

Surrounds the PALS

A

Marginal zone

156
Q

Marginal zone contains

A

Dendritic cells that trap antigens

157
Q

Amount of blood received by the spleen every minute

A

350 mL/minute

158
Q

Serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues

A

Lymph nodes

159
Q

Filtrate of the blood and arises from passage of water and low-molecular-weight solutes out of blood vessel walls and into the interstitial spaces between cells

A

Lymph fluid

160
Q

Thin-walled vessels that collect interstitial fluid

A

Lymphatic vessels

161
Q

Location of lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes are located along lymphatic ducts and are especially numerous near joints and where the arms and legs join the body

162
Q

Organ that helps to protect us from foreign antigens in the blood

A

Spleen

163
Q

Organ that provides the ideal environment for contact with foreign antigens that have penetrated into the tissues

A

Lymph nodes

164
Q

Space where lymph fluid slowly flow

A

Sinuses

165
Q

These are lined with macrophages, creating an ideal location where phagocytosis can take place

A

Sinuses

166
Q

The node tissue is organized into 3 parts

A

Outer cortex
Paracortex
Inner medulla

167
Q

Numerous lymphocytes also enter the nodes from the bloodstream by means of specialized venules called

A

High endothelial venules

168
Q

Location of high endothelial venules

A

Located in the paracortical areas of the node tissues

169
Q

Lymphocytes and any foreign antigens present enter nodes via

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

170
Q

The outermost layer, the cortex, contains

A

Macrophages and aggregations of B cells in primary follicles

171
Q

Specialized cells called follicular dendritic cells are located in

A

Cortex of the lymph node

172
Q

These cells exhibit a large number of receptors for antibodies and help to capture antigens to present to T and B cells

A

Follicular dendritic cell

173
Q

Secondary follicles of lymph nodes is consists of

A

Antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells

174
Q

The interior of a secondary follicle is known as the

A

Germinal center

175
Q

It is here that transformation of the B cells takes place

A

Germinal center

176
Q

B cells can differentiate into

A

Plasma cells and memory cells

177
Q

Organ that provides an ideal environment for the generation of B-cell memory

A

Lymph nodes

178
Q

Cells that are mainly localized in the paracortex, the region between the follicles and the medulla

A

T lymphocytes

179
Q

T lymphocytes are in close proximity to APCs called

A

Interdigitating cells

180
Q

Characteristics of lymph node medulla

A

Less densely populated than the cortex but contains some T cells (in addition to B cells), macrophages, and numerous plasma cells

181
Q

Accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells causes the lymph nodes to become enlarged, a condition known as

A

Lymphadenopathy

182
Q

MALT is found in

A

Gastrointestinal
Respiratory
Urogenital tracts

183
Q

Examples of MALT

A

Tonsils
Appendix
Peyer’s patches

184
Q

These mucosal surfaces represent some of the main ports of entry for foreign antigens, and thus, these cells are localized here

A

Macrophages

Lymphocytes

185
Q

Considered the largest organ in the body

A

Skin

186
Q

Epidermis contains cells called

A

Intraepidermal lymphocytes

187
Q

Cells found on epidermis

A

Intraepidermal lymphocytes
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

188
Q

Collective term for Intraepidermal lymphocytes, Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic cells

A

Cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue, or CALT

189
Q

Cells responsible for humoral immunity or antibody formation

A

B cells

190
Q

Plays a role in cell-mediated immunity; as such, they produce sensitized lymphocytes that secrete cytokines

A

T cells

191
Q

CD markers of B cells

A

CD19
CD20
CD21

192
Q

First responder to infection, phagocytosis

A

Neutrophil

193
Q

Kill parasites, neutralize basophil and mast cell products, regulate mast cells

A

Eosinophil

194
Q

Induce and maintain allergic reactions, stimulate production of IgE

A

Basophil

195
Q

Antigen presentation to T and B cells; enhancement and suppression of the adaptive immune response

A

Mast cell

196
Q

Phagocytosis; migrate to tissues to become macrophages

A

Monocyte

197
Q

Phagocytosis; kill intracellular parasites; tumoricidal activity; antigen presentation to T and B cells

A

Macrophage

198
Q

Most potent phagocytic cell; most effective at antigen presentation

A

Dendritic cell

199
Q

Subtypes are T cells, B cells, and NK cells

A

Lymphocytes

200
Q

CD markers of T cells

A

CD2
CD3
CD4
CD8

IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY (3 decks)

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