Introduction to Immunity and the Immune System Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
Study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
A
Immunology
2
Q
Substances that induce a host response
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Immunogens
3
Q
Condition of being resistant to infection.
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Immune
4
Q
English doctor that was able to successfully prevent infection with smallpox
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Edward Jenner
5
Q
He observed by chance that older bacterial cultures would not cause disease in chickens
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Louis Pasteur
6
Q
To make pathogen less virulent
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Attenuation
7
Q
Principle used for the prevention of rabies
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Attenuation
8
Q
He observed under a microscope that foreign objects introduced into transparent starfish larvae became surrounded by motile amoeboid-like cells that attempted to destroy the penetrating objects.
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Elie Metchnikoff
9
Q
He demonstrated that diphtheria and tetanus toxins, could be neutralized by the noncellular portion of the blood of animals previously exposed to the microorganisms.
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Emil von Behring
10
Q
He linked the two theories by showing that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements.
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Almroth Wright
11
Q
Acted to coat bacteria so that they became more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells.
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Opsonins
12
Q
Specific proteins that increase nonspecifically in any infection.
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Acute-phase reactants
13
Q
Serum proteins produced by certain lymphocytes when exposed to a foreign substance
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Antibodies
14
Q
Individual’s ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.
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Innate or natural immunity
15
Q
Characteristics of Natural Immunity
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Nonadaptive or nonspecific
No prior exposure is required
Response lacks memory and specificity.
16
Q
Factors that affect Natural Immunity
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Nutrition Age Fatigue Stress Genetic determinants.
17
Q
Type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure.
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Adaptive Immunity
18
Q
Types of leukocytes
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Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes.
19
Q
Type of leukocyte that is not part of innate immunity
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Lymphocytes
20
Q
Cells where all blood cells arise
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Hematopoietic stem cells
21
Q
Precursor cells for WBCs
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Common Myeloid Precursors (CMP) and Common Lymphoid Precursors (CLP)
22
Q
Precursor cell that give rise to the WBCs that participate in phagocytosis
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Common myeloid precursor
23
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Cells that arise from common lymphoid precursor
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Lymphocytes
24
Q
Percentage of total neutrophils in blood
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50% to 75%
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Neutrophils are often called
Segmenters / segs
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Antimicrobial products of neutrophils’ azurophilic granules
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Myeloperoxidase
Elastase
Defensins
Lysozyme
Cathepsin G
Proteinase-3
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Antimicrobial products of neutrophils’ specific granules
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Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Collagenase
Gelatinase
Respiratory burst components
```
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The main function of neutrophils
Phagocytosis
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Neutrophils can be found in
Marginating pool and circulation
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Process where neutrophils move from the circulating blood to the tissues
Diapedesis
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Chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction.
Chemotaxins
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Level of neutrophils during infection
Increased
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Percentage of circulating eosinophils in nonallergic person
1% and 3%
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Cells that arise from common lymphoid precursor
T cells
NK cells
B cells
Dendritic cells
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Cells that arise from common myeloid precursor
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Monocyte
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
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36
Eosinophil level during allergic and parasitic infections
Increased levels
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Shape and location of eosinophils’ nucleus
Bilobed or ellipsoidal; eccentrically located
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Color of eosinophils’ cytoplasmic granules
Orange to reddish-orange
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Granules in eosinophils contain a large number of previously synthesized proteins including
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Catalase
Lysozyme
Cytokines (chemical messengers)
Growth factors
Cationic proteins
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Eosinophils are able to neutralize basophil and mast cell products. True or False?
True
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The most important role of eosinophils
Regulation of the immune response, including regulation of mast cell function.
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Least numerous WBCs
Basophils
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Percentage of circulating basophils
Less than 1%
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Smallest granulocyte
Basophils
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Constituent of basophils’ granules
Histamine
Cytokines
Growth factors
Heparin
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Cell that stimulates B cells to produce the antibody IgE
Basophils
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Basophils regulate T helper (Th) cell responses. True or False?
True
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Largest cell in the peripheral blood
Monocytes
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Distinguishing feature of monocyte
Irregularly folded or horseshoe-shaped nucleus that occupies almost one-half of the entire cell’s volume
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Cytoplasmic appearance of monocytes
Grayish blue / Ground-glass appearance
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First type of monocyte’s granules contains
Peroxidase
Acid phosphatase
Arylsulfatase
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Second type of monocyte’s granules contains
β-glucuronidase
Lysozyme
Lipase
No alkaline phosphatase
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Percentage of total circulating monocytes
Between 4% to 10%
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Monocyte in tissue is called
Macrophage
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Macrophage precursor
Monocytes
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Tissue distribution of macrophages
Random phenomenon
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Macrophages in the lung
Alveolar macrophages
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Macrophages in the liver
Kupffer cells
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Macrophages in the brain
Microglial cells
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Macrophages in the bone
Osteoclasts
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Macrophages in the connective tissue
Histiocytes
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Innate immune functions of macrophage
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Intracellular parasite eradication
Secretion of cell mediators
Phagocytosis
Anti-tumor activity
Microbial killing
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Effect of cytokines in macrophages
Enhanced killing activity
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_____ play a major role in the adaptive immune response by presenting antigens to T and B cells.
Macrophages
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Cell that resembles basophils
Mast cells
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Enzyme content of the granules in mast cells
Acid phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase
Protease
Histamine
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How to differentiate basophils from mast cells
Enzyme content of granules
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Roles of mast cells
Allergic reactions
Antigen-presenting cell
Enhance and suppress adaptive immune system
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Who discovered dendritic cells and when?
Steinman and Cohn in 1973
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Most effective antigen-presenting cell
Dendritic cells
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Most potent phagocytic cell
Dendritic cells
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The key cell involved in the adaptive immune response
Lymphocyte
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Lymphocytes represent a percentage of _____ of the circulating WBCs
20% and 40%
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Size of a typical small lymphocyte
Similar in size to RBCs (7–10 μm in diameter)
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Characteristics of a lymphocytes
Large rounded nucleus (may be indented)
Nuclear chromatin is dense and tends to stain a deep blue
Cytoplasm is sparse, with few organelles and no specific granules
Consists of a narrow ring surrounding the nucleus
The cytoplasm stains a lighter blue
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These cells arise from an HSC and then are further differentiated in the primary lymphoid organs
Lymphocytes
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Lymphocytes can be divided into three major populations
T cells
B cells
Natural killer (NK) cells
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In the total lymphocytes of the peripheral blood, B cells presents a percentage of
10%-20%
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In the total lymphocytes of the peripheral blood, T cells presents a percentage of
61%-80%
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In the total lymphocytes of the peripheral blood, NK cells presents a percentage of
10%-15%
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Antigenic groups identified by different sets of antibodies reacting in a similar manner to certain standard cell lines best describes
Clusters of differentiation (CD)
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End product of B cell differentiation
B lymphocyte programmed to produce a unique antibody molecule
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Distinguishing characteristics of B cells
B cells can be recognized by the presence of membrane-bound antibodies of two types, namely immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin (IgD)
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Surface proteins that appear on B cells
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IgG
IgM
CD19
CD21
MHC II
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Maturation site of B cells
Bone marrow
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Maturation site of T cells
Thymus
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Lymphocyte precursors are called
Thymocytes
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How does thymocytes enter the thymus?
Lymphocyte precursors called thymocytes enter the thymus from the bone marrow through the bloodstream
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Role of T cells
The role of T cells is to produce cytokines that contribute to immunity by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies, assisting in killing tumor cells or infected target cells, and helping to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response
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Process of production of cytokines that contribute to immunity by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies, assisting in killing tumor cells or infected target cells, and helping to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response
Cell-mediated immunity
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Three main subtypes of T cells
Helper
Cytolytic
Regulatory T cells
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T cells bearing the CD4 receptor are
Mainly either helper or regulatory cells
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CD8-positive (CD8+) population
Consists of cytotoxic T cells
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The ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells in peripheral blood
2:1
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Lymphocytes they do not express the markers of either T cells or B cells are called
Natural Killer (NK) cells
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Cells that have the ability to kill target cells without prior exposure to them
Natural Killer (NK) cells
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Cells that do not thymus for development
Natural Killer (NK) cells
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Maturation site of NK cells
Bone marrow
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Size of NK cells
NK cells are generally larger than T cells and B cells at approximately 15 μm in diameter
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Distinguishing characteristics of NK cells
Kidney-shaped nuclei
Condensed chromatin
Prominent nucleoli
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Other name of NK cells
Large granular lymphocytes
3rd population lymphocytes
Null lymphocytes
Non-B Non-T lymphocytes
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Percentage of NK cells in circulating lymphoid pool
10%-15%
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NK cells are found mainly in
Liver
Spleen
Peripheral blood
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Unique surface markers of NK cells
None
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CD markers of NK cells
CD16
| CD56
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NK cell receptor for the nonspecific end of antibodies
CD16
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It allows NK cells to make contact with and then lyse any cell coated with antibodies
CD16
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Cells capable of recognizing any foreign cell and represent the first line of defense against virally infected cells and tumor cells
NK cells
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Does NK cells have the capability to develop memory to specific antigens
Yes
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NK cells have a half-life of
7-10 days
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Transitional cell bridging the innate and the adaptive immune response against pathogens
NK cells
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Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow
| Thymus
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Maturation of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
Primary lymphoid organs
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Provide a location where contact with foreign antigens occur
Secondary lymphoid organs
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Secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissues (CALT)
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
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Considered one of the largest tissues in the body and it fills the core of all long flat bones
Bone marrow
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The main source of hematopoietic stem cells
Bone marrow
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Maturation site of NK cells and B cells
Bone marrow
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How does B cell received its name?
B cells received their name because they were originally found to mature in birds in an organ called the bursa of Fabricius, which is similar to the appendix in humans
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How does T cell received its name?
Other lymphocyte precursors go to the thymus and develop into T cells, so named because of where they mature
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Immature T cells appear in the fetus as early as
8 weeks in the gestational period
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Small, flat, bilobed organ found in the thorax
Thymus
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Location of thymus
Found in the thorax, or chest cavity, right below the thyroid gland and overlying the heart
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Weight of thymus
Thymus reaches a weight of 30 to 40 g by puberty and then gradually shrinks in size
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Relationship of the thymus size and production of T cells
As thymus diminishes in size as humans age, it is still capable of producing T lymphocytes, although at a diminished rate
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Duration of T cell maturation
3 weeks
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Lymphocyte circulation between the secondary organs is regulated by
Different cell surface adhesion molecules and cytokines
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Where does lymphocytes spend most of its life span
Solid tissues
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Lymphocytes in secondary organs travel through the tissue and return to the bloodstream by way of
Thoracic duct
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Largest lymphatic vessel in the body
Thoracic duct
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The thoracic duct collects most of the body’s lymph fluid and empties it into the
Left subclavian vein
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The majority of circulating lymphocytes are
T cells
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Continuous recirculation increases the likelihood of a T lymphocyte coming into contact with the specific antigen with which it can react. True or false?
True
134
Effector cells that serve a regulatory role
T lymphocytes
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Functions to produce antibodies
B lymphocytes
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Where does lymphopoiesis occur
Secondary lymphoid tissue
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Lymphopoiesis in secondary lymphoid tissue depends on
Antigenic stimulation
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Does the formation of lymphocytes in the bone marrow, depends on antigen stimulation?
No
139
What does antigen-independent lymphopoiesis means?
Lymphocytes are constantly being produced without the presence of specific antigens
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This process gives rise to long-lived memory cells and shorter-lived effector cells that are responsible for the generation of the immune response
Antigen activation
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Largest secondary lymphoid organ
Spleen
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Length and weight of spleen in adult
12 cm and weighs 150 g
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Location of spleen
Upper-left quadrant of the abdomen just below the diaphragm
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Spleen is surrounded by
Thin connective tissue capsule
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This organ is characterized as a large discriminating filter as it removes old and damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood.
Spleen
146
Two types of splenic tissue
Red pulp
| White pulp
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Tissue that makes up more than one-half of the total volume of spleen
Red pulp
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Function of red pulp
Destroy old red blood cells (RBCs)
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Blood flows from the arterioles into the red pulp and then exits by way of the
Splenic vein
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Tissue that comprise approximately 20% of the total weight of the spleen
White pulp
151
Function of white pulp
Produce WBCs
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Composition of white pulp
Contains the lymphoid tissue, which is arranged around arterioles in a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)
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Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) contains mainly
T cells
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It is attached to the PALS which contain B cells that are not yet stimulated by antigens
Primary follicles
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Surrounds the PALS
Marginal zone
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Marginal zone contains
Dendritic cells that trap antigens
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Amount of blood received by the spleen every minute
350 mL/minute
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Serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues
Lymph nodes
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Filtrate of the blood and arises from passage of water and low-molecular-weight solutes out of blood vessel walls and into the interstitial spaces between cells
Lymph fluid
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Thin-walled vessels that collect interstitial fluid
Lymphatic vessels
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Location of lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are located along lymphatic ducts and are especially numerous near joints and where the arms and legs join the body
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Organ that helps to protect us from foreign antigens in the blood
Spleen
163
Organ that provides the ideal environment for contact with foreign antigens that have penetrated into the tissues
Lymph nodes
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Space where lymph fluid slowly flow
Sinuses
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These are lined with macrophages, creating an ideal location where phagocytosis can take place
Sinuses
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The node tissue is organized into 3 parts
Outer cortex
Paracortex
Inner medulla
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Numerous lymphocytes also enter the nodes from the bloodstream by means of specialized venules called
High endothelial venules
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Location of high endothelial venules
Located in the paracortical areas of the node tissues
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Lymphocytes and any foreign antigens present enter nodes via
Afferent lymphatic vessels
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The outermost layer, the cortex, contains
Macrophages and aggregations of B cells in primary follicles
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Specialized cells called follicular dendritic cells are located in
Cortex of the lymph node
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These cells exhibit a large number of receptors for antibodies and help to capture antigens to present to T and B cells
Follicular dendritic cell
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Secondary follicles of lymph nodes is consists of
Antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells
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The interior of a secondary follicle is known as the
Germinal center
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It is here that transformation of the B cells takes place
Germinal center
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B cells can differentiate into
Plasma cells and memory cells
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Organ that provides an ideal environment for the generation of B-cell memory
Lymph nodes
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Cells that are mainly localized in the paracortex, the region between the follicles and the medulla
T lymphocytes
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T lymphocytes are in close proximity to APCs called
Interdigitating cells
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Characteristics of lymph node medulla
Less densely populated than the cortex but contains some T cells (in addition to B cells), macrophages, and numerous plasma cells
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Accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells causes the lymph nodes to become enlarged, a condition known as
Lymphadenopathy
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MALT is found in
Gastrointestinal
Respiratory
Urogenital tracts
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Examples of MALT
Tonsils
Appendix
Peyer’s patches
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These mucosal surfaces represent some of the main ports of entry for foreign antigens, and thus, these cells are localized here
Macrophages
| Lymphocytes
185
Considered the largest organ in the body
Skin
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Epidermis contains cells called
Intraepidermal lymphocytes
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Cells found on epidermis
Intraepidermal lymphocytes
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
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Collective term for Intraepidermal lymphocytes, Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic cells
Cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue, or CALT
189
Cells responsible for humoral immunity or antibody formation
B cells
190
Plays a role in cell-mediated immunity; as such, they produce sensitized lymphocytes that secrete cytokines
T cells
191
CD markers of B cells
CD19
CD20
CD21
192
First responder to infection, phagocytosis
Neutrophil
193
Kill parasites, neutralize basophil and mast cell products, regulate mast cells
Eosinophil
194
Induce and maintain allergic reactions, stimulate production of IgE
Basophil
195
Antigen presentation to T and B cells; enhancement and suppression of the adaptive immune response
Mast cell
196
Phagocytosis; migrate to tissues to become macrophages
Monocyte
197
Phagocytosis; kill intracellular parasites; tumoricidal activity; antigen presentation to T and B cells
Macrophage
198
Most potent phagocytic cell; most effective at antigen presentation
Dendritic cell
199
Subtypes are T cells, B cells, and NK cells
Lymphocytes
200
CD markers of T cells
CD2
CD3
CD4
CD8
