Introduction to Immunohematology Flashcards
Week 2 (101 cards)
1
Q
Immunohematology is commonly known as _______.
A
BLOOD BANKING
2
Q
Immunohematology is a branch of hematology which studies ____________.
A
antigen-antibody reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate to the
pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorders
3
Q
This will lead to pathogenesis of some blood disorders
A
Transfusion Reaction
4
Q
Preparation of blood and blood components for transfusion as well as
selection of _____,____, ______,
A
appropriate, compatible components for transfusion.
5
Q
Study the antibody production by the host when exposed to foreign antigens.
A
Immunohematology
6
Q
refers to the process of collecting, storing, and
processing blood and the distribution of RBCs and blood components.
A
Blood Banking
7
Q
Blood Banking refers to the process of _______, ______, and _____ blood and the _________ of RBCs and blood components.
A
collecting
storing
processing
distribution
8
Q
Why is it important to properly distribute RBC and blood components? (2)
A
- To avoid having expired blood components and
- To ensure that blood components are always available in the lab
9
Q
branch of medicine that is concerned with
transfusion of blood and blood components.
A
Transfusion medicine
10
Q
Transfusion medicine is also known as
A
Transfusiology
11
Q
Transfusiology deals with
A
deals with transfusion of blood and blood components
12
Q
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
WHAT YEAR?
_____: the first time a blood transfusion was recorded in history.
A
1492
13
Q
In 1492, who was the person who received blood from three different individuals?
A
Pope Innocent VII
14
Q
In 1492, what was the principal obstacle to overcome in relation to blood transfusion
A
Clotting - because there are no preservatives for a specific blood product during that time
15
Q
In what year did the English surgeon Joseph Lister use antiseptics to control infection during transfusions?
A
1867
16
Q
He uses antiseptics to control infection during transfusions
A
English surgeon Joseph Lister
17
Q
In _____: finding a non-toxic anticoagulant
A
1869
18
Q
In 1869: finding a non-toxic anticoagulant
Braxton Hicks recommends what type of anticoagulant? ___________.
This was perhaps the first example of blood preservation research.
A
Sodium phosphate
19
Q
He also described the contractions that occur before real labor.
A
John Braxton Hicks
20
Q
In what year did the US physicians transfuse milk (from cows, goats, and humans).
A
1873-1880
21
Q
US physicians transfuse milk from cows, goats, and humans because they believed that it contains what?
A
Immunoglobulins
22
Q
Year of the Discovery of ABO Blood Group system
A
1901
23
Q
He explained the serious reactions that occur in humans as a result of incompatible transfusions. His work in the beginning of the 20th century won a Nobel Prize.
A
Karl Landsteiner
24
Q
Landsteiner’s Law states that: (2)
A
- If an agglutinogen (antigen) is present on the red blood cell membrane, the corresponding agglutinin (antibody) must be absent in the plasma.
- If an agglutinogen is absent on the red blood cell membrane, then corresponding agglutinin must be present in the plasma.
o Ex. Blood type B – anti-A is present
o Blood type A – anti-B is present
o Blood type O – anti-A and anti-B
25
Natural anticoagulant in blood
Heparin
26
In what year did Alfred Von Decastello and Adriano Sturli discovered the blood type AB (4th blood type to be discovered)
1902
27
They discovered the 4th blood type
Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli
28
In the year 1907, _______ suggests that the safety of transfusion might be improved by
crossmatching.
Ludvig Hektoen
29
This is the first method in blood bank
Crossmatching or Compatibility testing to know the prospective blood donor
30
In what year did the French surgeon Alexis Carrel devises a way to prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient directly to the artery of the donor. This vein-to-artery or direct method, known as anastomosis, is practiced by a number of physicians.
1908
31
a French surgeon who devises a way to prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient directly to the artery of the donor.
Alexis Carrel
32
This vein-to-artery or direct method, known as _____________, is practiced by a number of physicians.
anastomosis
33
anastomosis procedure proves unfeasible for blood transfusions but paves the way for _______________________, for which Carrel receives the Nobel Prize in 1912.
successful organ transplantation
34
Alex Carrel received the Nobel Prize in the year _____.
1912
35
1908: * _______describes the AHG reaction (a direct way of visualizing an Ag-Ab reaction that has taken place but is not directly visible).
Moreschi
36
The Ag-Ab react with each other, then, after washing to remove any unbound antibody, the ____________is added and binds between the Ab that are stuck onto the Ag.
Anti‐human globulin (AHG)
37
Anti‐human globulin (AHG) is also known as?
Coombs test
38
We do the Sensitization of RBC because we are determining with?
incomplete
unknown
weakly reacting
missing antibody
39
what is the principle of AHG test
Detecting the in vivo and in vitro sensitization of RBC
a. Direct AHG test – in vivo
b. Indirect AHG test – in vitro
40
1911: divided group A into 2 subgroups.
A1 cells and A2 cells – these two are the check
cells for the reverse blood typing of a specific
blood type. It was introduced by _________ & _________.
Von Dungern and Hirszfeld
41
1912: Roger Lee, a visiting physician at the Massachusetts General Hospital, along with Paul Dudley White, develops the ____________.
Lee-White clotting time
42
Lee-White clotting time is a procedure wherein we can time that particular procedure until the fibrin is visible. This is mainly significant with patients with?
Coagulation disorder
43
Lee’s studies lead to the terms
"universal donor" and "universal recipient".
44
"universal donor" and "universal recipient" is only associated with?
Packed Red blood Cells
45
universal donor– _______________
universal recipient – ____________
-- packed RBCs type O rh negative
-- packed RBCs type AB rh positive
46
In the year _____ , Edward E. Lindemann was the first to succeed to perform blood transfusion.
1913
47
He was the first to succeed to perform blood transfusion.
Edward E. Lindemann
48
What type of blood transfusion did a
Edward E. Lindemann performed?
Vein to vein method
he uses multiple syringes and special cannula
49
An unprecedented accomplishment in blood transfusion was achieved in _____.
1914
50
1914, _________ reported the use of ___________as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.
Albert Hustin
Sodium citrate
51
In what year did Blood transfusion become more practical and safer for the patient? This is because of the development in the standardization and routine tests done on different blood components.
1915
52
in 1915 also, he determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts.
Lewisohn
53
patients have a decreased ionized calcium and patients dependent on blood transfusion would lead to _______.
Citrate toxicity
54
what happens in Citrate toxicity?
The blood attaches to citrate leading to decreased ionized calcium of patients.
55
Clinical symptoms of citrate toxicity are
A tingling sensation within the mouth of the patient
56
Year 1916, is the Development of ___________.
which is correlated with certain transfusion reactions which is the PCITR.
preservative solutions to enhance the metabolism of the RBC.
PCITR- Physically or Chemically Induced Transfusion Reaction
57
PCITR- Physically or Chemically Induced Transfusion Reaction happens if
There is a problem with the structure of RBCs
we have to take note of the ff:
a. metabolism
b. proper storage condition
58
in the same year, 1916, these two introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of
blood.
Francis Rous and Turner
59
* 1927-1947:
MNSs and the P blood group system was discovered
60
How many blood group systems do we have?
More than 36 blood group systems
61
Because of PCITR, in 1930s, RBC membrane was better understood (_____,____, and _____)
metabolism, deformability & permeability
62
* 1932:
The first hospital-based blood depot is established in a Leningrad hospital
63
The first hospital-based blood depot is established in a ___________.
Leningrad hospital
64
Different facilities in blood bank
a. Blood center
b. Hospital blood banks
c. Transfusion services
65
Blood center in the Philippines
The Philippine Blood Center is located along the Lung Center of the Philippines
A stand-alone institution that can collect, store, and process blood, as well as donate blood if another institution is running low on supplies.
66
– a facility that only performs blood
transfusion alone.
Transfusion services
67
– institutions outside the hospital that is involved in blood collection, blood donors, processing, storage and distribution of blood products.
Blood center
68
stand alone within the hospital that is also
involved in the blood collection, blood donors, processing, storage, and distribution of blood products.
hospital blood bank
69
in 1937, ________________, director of therapeutics at the Cook County Hospital in Chicago, establishes the first hospital blood bank in the US.
Bernard Fantus
70
In creating a hospital laboratory that
can preserve and store donor blood, _______ originates the term "blood bank."
Fantus
71
stimulated blood preservation research because of the demand for blood and plasma
increased.
* World War II (1939-1945):
72
1941: he encouraged some individuals that he work on developing techniques in blood preservation and blood transfusion. __________was appointed director of the first American Red Cross Blood Bank at
Presbyterian Hospital.
Dr. Drew / Dr. Charles R. Drew
73
in year ______, The Rh blood group system is discovered by Karl Landsteiner, Alex Wiener, Philip Levine, and R.E. Stetson and is soon recognized as the cause of the majority of
transfusion reactions.
1939-1940:
74
T/F: We have to determine the Rh blood group type before administering with patients.
true
75
1940: ________, a professor of biological chemistry at Harvard Medical School, develops
__________________, the process of breaking down plasma into components and
products such as ______, _____, ___________, _____, etc.
Edwin Cohn
cold ethanol fractionation,
albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen, antibody
76
a protein with powerful osmotic properties,
plus gamma globulin and fibrinogen are isolated and become available for clinical use.
Albumin
77
1940, he develops the first blood container
(vacuum bottle/vacutainer tubes).
John Elliott
78
1943, ______ and ______of England introduced the formula for the preservative acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) **acid phosphate dextrose
Loutit and Mollison of England
79
Loutit and Mollison of England introduced the
formula for the preservative __________________
acid-citrate-dextrose
(ACD)
80
_____, _____, _____, describe the use of antihuman globulin (later known as the “Coombs Test”) to identify “incomplete” or unknown, weakly reacting antibodies.
(1945)
Coombs, Mourant, and Race
81
in year 1947, ________is formed to promote common goals among blood banking practitioners and the blood-donating public.
American Association of Blood Banks
(AABB)
82
American Association of Blood Banks
(AABB) promotes (3)
guidelines, proper procedures and
protocols
83
American Association of Blood Banks
(AABB) newest term is
Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies
84
in the same year, 1947 they published a journal which is the _________. That serves as a baseline for the facilities in that era.
“Journal of Clinical Investigation”.
85
Hospitals responded immediately, and in 1947, blood banks were established in many major cities of the ___
United States
86
1949-1950
The US blood collection system includes ______
hospital blood banks, _____community blood centers, and ____American Red Cross regional blood centers.
1,500 hospital blood banks
46 community blood centers,
31 American Red Cross regional blood centers.
87
in the year 1950, she reports the use of glycerol
cryoprotectant for freezing red blood cells
most common cryoprotectant - glycerol
Audrey Smith
88
why do we need to freeze rbc
because those are the RBCs that are rare units
for long-term storage
89
Aside from glycerol, they also used _______and
____ to prevent water loss and cell damage of
the RBCs
glucose and urea
to equalize and imbalance the solute gradient concentration
Protect the structure of freeze RBC
90
introduce the plastic bag for blood collection (safe and easy preparation of multiple blood components from a single unit of whole blood)
Carl Walter and William .P. Murphy, Jr.
91
what are the different plastic bag for blood collection that pertains to different blood components
SINGLE BAG
DOUBLE BAG
TRIPLE BAG
QUADRUPLE BAG
92
blood bag designed for collection, storage and transfusion of whole blood.
SINGLE BAG
93
anticoagulants for single blood bag
450mL = 63 mL
500 mL = 70 mL
94
blood bag designed for separation of whole blood into red cell and plasma.
DOUBLE BAG
95
blood bag designed for separation into red cells, platelet concentrate, and plasma.
TRIPLE BAG
96
blood bag designed for Separation into red cells, platelet concentrate, cryoprecipitate and plasma
QUADRUPLE BAG
97
commonly transfuse to those
patients who have coagulation disorder (Ex.
Hemophilia)
Cryoprecipitate
98
is established in 1953, providing a centralized system for exchanging blood among blood banks. To build camaraderie with other institution
AABB Clearinghouse
99
Today, the Clearinghouse is called the _____________.
National Blood Exchange
100
Development of the refrigerated centrifuge in _______ further expedites blood component therapy.
1953
101
