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INF > INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

EXAMPLES OF WHEN HUMANS ARE STERILE?

A

THE ZYGOTE IS STERILE

WHEN INSIDE THE AMNIOTIC SAC, WE ARE STERILE

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2
Q

ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM?

A

MAINTAINS THE HOST IN A HEALTHY HOMEOSTASIS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT, PROTECT AGAINST INFECTION, TUMOUR FORMATION ETC.

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3
Q

WHAT IS A SYSTEM?

A

A GROUP OF INTERACTING OR INTERRELATED ELEMENTS THAT ACT ACCORDING TO A SET OF RULES FROM A UNIFIED WHOLE
- RELY ON FEEDBACK LOOPS TO MAINTAIN A STABLE (FUNCTIONAL) STATE

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4
Q

WHAT IS THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE?

A

THE FAST, GENETICALLY ENCODED, MEMORYLESS RESPONSE (ALWAYS THE SAME, NO IMPROVEMENT/ADAPTATION)

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5
Q

ONSET AND DURATION OF INNATE RESPONSE?

A

ONSET: MINUTES AFTER INFECTION
DURATION: UP TO A FEW DAYS

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6
Q

WHAT IS THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE?

A

IT’S A SLOWER, SELECTED ‘ON THE FLY’ IMMUNE RESPONSE WHICH HAS ‘MEMORY’

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7
Q

ONSET AND DURATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE?

A

ONSET: HOURS/DAYS AFTER THE INFECTION
DURATION: UP TO A FEW WEEKS

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8
Q

MOST COMMON PLACE TO GET AN INFECTION?

A

MOUTH (DENTAL CARIES=)

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9
Q

HOMEOSTASIS DIFFERENCES AMONG INDIVIDUALS?

A
  • HEALTH HOMEOSTASIS ISN’T THE SAME FOR EVERYONE
  • THRESHOLD FOR RESPONSE TO INFECTION DIFFERS
  • THAT THRESHOLD IS VERY PLASTIC (NOT SET AT BIRTH, CAN CHANGE)
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10
Q

WHAT IS IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY?

A

MAINTENANCE OF MEMORY B CELLS AND T CELLS AND HIGH SERUM OR MUCOSAL ANTIBODY LEVELS, STARTS DAYS TO WEEKS AFTER INFECTION ONSET, CAN BE LIFELONG

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11
Q

WHAT TYPE OF REACTION CAN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAVE WHEN THERE’S BACTERIA IN THE BODY?

A

RESPOND OR TOLERATE (IMBALANCE IN THIS RESPONSE LEADS TO DISEASE)

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12
Q

MAJORITY OF THE INFECTIONS ARE STOPPED BY WHICH MECHANISMS?

A

PHYSICAL BARRIERS AND INNATE RECOGNITION AND RESPONSE

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13
Q

CAN THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE BE INITIATED WITHOUT PRIOR INITIATION OF THE INNATE RESPONSE?

A

NO

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14
Q

STEM CELL FROM WHICH THE CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM COME?

A

MULTIPOTENTIAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL (HEMOCYTOBLAST)

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15
Q

WHICH CELL DO ALL INNATE IMMUNE CELLS COME FROM?

A

COMMON MYELOID PROGENITOR

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16
Q

WHICH CELL DO ALL ADAPTIVE IMMUNE CELLS COME FROM?

A

COMMON LYMPHOID PROGENITOR

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17
Q

INNATE IMMUNE CELLS EXAMPLES:

A

THROMBOCYTE, MACROPHAGE, DENDRITIC CELLS, NEUTROPHILS, BASOPHILS, MAST CELLS, ERYTHROCYTES

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18
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE CELLS EXAMPLES:

A

T LYMPHOCYTE, B LYMPHOCYTE, PLASMA CELL, LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTE…

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19
Q

TOPOLOGICALLY, HUMANS ARE A

A

CYLINDER

20
Q

SURFACES OF OUR BODY THAT MOST INTERACT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT ARE MOST LIKELY TO GET INFECTED, WHAT ARE THE EXAMPLES OF THESE SURFACES?

A
  • RESPIRATORY, REPRODUCTIVE AND GI TRACT

- WOUNDS, ABRASIONS AND BITES THAT DISRUPT ANATOMICAL BARRIERS

21
Q

WHAT ARE IMMUNE PRIVILEGED SITES?

A

PARTS OF THE BODY WERE YOU WOULDN’T EXPECT TO GET AN INFECTION/MOST ANTIGENS CAN’T PRODUCE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE THERE
BRAIN (CNS), EYES, OVARIES AND TESTES

22
Q

PHYSICAL PROPHYLAXIS:

A
  • EPITHELIAL SURFACES ARE THE 1ST ANATOMICAL BARRIER TO INFECTION (SKIN EPIDERMIS, GUT EPITHELIUM, BRONCHIAL CILIATED EPITHELIUM)
  • CHEMICAL BARRIERS ARE ALSO PRESENT (LYSOZYME IN TEARS AND SALIVA, MUCUS, ACID IN THE STOMACH, ANTI MICROBIAL PEPTIDES…)
23
Q

INNATE CELLS ARE USUALLY PHAGOCYTIC, WHAT DOES THAT MEAN ABOUT THEIR FUNCTIONING?

A

THEY ‘EAT’ CELLS TO SIMPLY REMOVE THE MICROBE AND DESTROY IT

24
Q

WHAT ARE NEUTROPHILS?

A

SHORT LIVED BUT EFFECTIVE INNATE EFFECTOR CELLS THAT CAN MAKE EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS (NETs) FROM EXCRETED DNA TO CAPTURE BACTERIA

25
Q

HOW DO INNATE CELLS DETECT INFECTIOUS AGENTS?

A

THEY CAN DIRECTLY DETECT INFECTIOUS AGENTS THROUGH GENETICALLY ENCODED RECEPTORS CALLED ‘SENSORS’

26
Q

WHAT ARE ‘SENSORS’ OF INNATE CELLS AND WHERE CAN THEY BE LOCATED?

A

SENSORS ARE PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS (PRRs) WHICH CAN BE MEMBRANE BOUND OR IN THE CYTOPLASM

27
Q

EXAMPLES OF MEMBRANE BOUND PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS (INNATE CELL ‘SENSORS’):

A

TOLL LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRs)

C-TYPE LECTIN RECEPTORS (CLRs)

28
Q

EXAMPLES OF CYTOPLASMIC PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS (INNATE CELL ‘SENSORS’):

A

NOD-LIKE RECEPTORS (NLRs)

RIG-I-LIKE RECEPTORS (RLRs)

29
Q

2 MAIN TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)

A

T CELLS AND B CELLS

30
Q

WHICH CELLS ARE THE GATEKEEPERS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE?

A

T CELLS

31
Q

WHERE DO T CELLS PRIMARILY DEVELOP?

A

THE THYMUS

32
Q

HOW DID THE T CELLS GET THEIR NAME?

A

T COMES FROM THEIR SITE OF PRODUCTION, THE THYMUS

33
Q

WHAT ARE THE ACTIVATED T CELLS CALLED?

A

EFFECTOR T CELLS

34
Q

FUNCTIONS OF EFFECTOR T CELLS:

A
  • CAN BE CYTOLYTIC

- CAN LICENCE B CELLS TO ACTIVATE

35
Q

WHERE ARE B CELLS PRODUCED?

A

THE BONE MARROW

36
Q

WHAT DO B CELLS PRODUCE AND WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THIS PRODUCT?

A
  • ANTIBODIES
  • THE ANTIBODIES HAVE HIGH AFFINITY FOR BINDING TO PATHOGENS AND THEY CAN BLOCK THEIR FUNCTION OR EXPOSE THEM TO INNATE RESPONSE FOR KILLING
37
Q

WHICH TYPE OF IMMUNE RESPONSE IS LACKING IN BABIES AND HOW DO THEY ACQUIRE ANTIBODIES?

A

ADAPTIVE RESPONSE

BREAST MILK IS A SOURCE OF ANTIBODIES

38
Q

ROLE OF T CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS (TCRs):

A

RECOGNISE SHORT PEPTIDES FROM PATHOGENIC PROTEINS

39
Q

ROLE OF B CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS (ANTIBODIES):

A

RECOGNISE PATHOGEN STRUCTURES

40
Q

T CELL AND B CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS: HOW ARE THEY FORMED?

A
  • TCRs AND BCRs ARE NOT GENETICALLY ENCODED
  • THROUGH THE PROCESS OF SOMATIC GENE RECOMBINATION, ALMOST LIMITLESS POTENTIAL RECEPTORS CAN BE ENCODED, DEPENDING ON THE ANTIGEN
41
Q

HOW ARE RECEPTOR GENES CREATED (FOR T CELL AND B CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS)?

A

USING V(D)J SOMATIC RECOMBINATION, WHICH ‘STITCHES’ GENETIC FRAGMENTS TOGETHER TO CREATE A UNIQUE GENE

42
Q

HOW DO TCRs DIFFER AMONG T CELLS?

A
  • ALMOST NONE HAVE THE SAME TCRs
  • EACH ONE IS A CLONOTYPE (a unique nucleotide sequence that arises during the gene rearrangement process for that receptor)
43
Q

WHICH ENZYMES INITIATE V(D)J SOMATIC RECOMBINATION DURING IMMUNE CELL DEVELOPMENT TO HELP LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR CREATION?

A

RAG1/2 ENZYMES

44
Q

ACTIVATED T CELLS WHICH PROVIDE HELP TO OTHER IMMUNE CELLS (LIKE B CELLS) ARE CALLED:

A

HELPER T CELLS

45
Q

ACTIVATED T CELLS WHICH KILL INFECTED CELLS BY DIRECT RECOGNITION ARE CALLED?

A

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

46
Q

WHAT IS THE MOLECULAR BRIDGE BETWEEN INNATE AND ADAPTIVE RESPONSE?

A
  • PEPTIDES DERIVED FROM PATHOGENS ARE ‘PRESENTED’ ON SURFACE IN MHC COMPLEX
  • THE T CELL INTERACTION WITH PEPTIDE-MHC IS THE MOLECULAR BRIDGE BETWEEN INNATE AND ADAPTIVE RESPONSE
47
Q

ANTIBODY MEDIATED EFFECTOR (ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES) FUNCTIONS:

A

NEUTRALISATION (BLOCKING VIRUS ENTRY INTO CELLS OR BLOCKING TOXIN ACTION)
OPSONISATION (COATING MICROBES TO ALLOW THEIR EFFICIENT UPTAKE)
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION (DIRECT LYSIS OF MICROBE)

INF (40 decks)

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