Introduction to Immunology Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
1700
_________
Vaccination of cowpox against smallpox
A
Edward Jenner
2
Q
______
Louis Pasteur
Reported live attenuated vaccine against ________
A
1885
Rabies
3
Q
________
_________
Antiserum therapy esp. against diphtheria
A
1901
Emil Von Behring
4
Q
1905
Robert Koch
_____________
A
Tuberculosis
5
Q
______
Paul Ehrlich
Theories of Immunity (_________r & _______)
A
1908
Cellular & Humoral
6
Q
1908
_____________
Phagocytosis
A
Elie Metchnikof
7
Q
1912
Alexis Carrell
_____________
A
Organ grafting
8
Q
________
_______________
Anaphylaxis
A
1913
Charles Richet
9
Q
1919
__________
_____________________________________
A
Jules Bordet
Theories of Immunity/Complement
10
Q
_____
Karl Landsteiner
________________
A
1930
Human Blood groups
11
Q
1945 People
A
Sir Alexander Fleming
Sir Ernst Borischain
Lord Howard Walter Floray
12
Q
1945 people invented/discovered what?
A
Penicillin
13
Q
1949
___________
Development of ____________
A
Salk and Sabin
Polio vaccine
14
Q
_______
____________________
Yellow Fever Vaccine
A
1951
Max Theiler
15
Q
____
________________
___________ as first antibiotic effective against TB
A
1952
Selman Abraham Waksman
Streptomycin
16
Q
_______
Daniel Bovet
__________________________
A
1957
Antihistamine research
17
Q
1959
__________________
Mechanism of biological synthesis of ___ & ___
A
Severo Ochoa & Arthur Kornberg
DNA & RNA
18
Q
1960 People
A
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Sir Peter Brian Medewar
19
Q
In 1960. Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, and Sir Peter Brian Medewar discovered/invented ______________________
A
Acquire Immunological Tolerance
20
Q
1965 People
A
Francois Jacob
Andrei Lwoff
Jacques Monod
21
Q
In 1965, Francois Jacob. Andrei Lwoff, and Jacques Monod invented/discovered Genetic control of ______ and ___________
A
Enzymes
Viruses Synthesis
22
Q
______
Kohler
___________________
A
1975
First monoclonal antibody
23
Q
1977
____________
Radioimmunoassay of _______________
A
Rosalyn Yellow
Peptide hormones
24
Q
1978 people
A
Werner Arber
Daniel Nathans
Hamilton Smith
25
in 1978, Warner Arber, Daniel Nathans, and Hamilton Smith invented/discovered ______________________
Restriction enzymes/application to problems of molecular genetics
26
1980 people
Baruj Benacerraf
Jean Dausset
George Snell
27
In 1980, Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, and George Snell invented/discovered ________________________
Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility
28
1983
__________
______________________
Barbara McClintock
Mobile genetic elements (transposons)
29
_____
Susomo Tonegawa
_________________
1987
Immunoglobulin genetics ab diversity
30
1989 people
J. Michael Bishop
Harold Varmus
31
in 1989, J. Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus invented/discovered Cellular origin of _______________
retroviral oncogenes
32
1990 people
Joseph Murray
E. Donnell Thomas
33
in 1990, Joseph Murray and E. Donnell Thomas invented/discovered ________________
Organ & Cell Transplantation
34
1996 people
Peter Doherty
Rolf ZInkernagel
35
in 1996, Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel invented/discvered Specificity of cell mediated immune defense (_____________)
dual recognition
36
1997
___________
Prions as a new biological principle of infection
Stanley Prusine
37
1999
_____________
Signal transduction
Gunter Blobel
38
1999
____________
Agglutination
Durham & Gruber
39
1999
Graber & WIlliams
_____________________
Immunoelectrophoresis
40
________
________________
IgE
1999
Isihazaka
41
1999
_____________
Interferons
Isaacs & Lindenmann
Interferons
42
____
Kraus
____________
1999
Precipitation
43
What are the two types of Immunity
Natural/Innate Immunity
Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
44
Natural/Innate Immunity parts
Anatomical Barriers
Humoral barriers to infection
45
First line of defense
Anatomical Barriers
46
ANATOMICAL BARRIERS
Mechanical Factors
Skin
Mucus
47
ANATOMICAL BARRIERS
Chemical Factors
Fatty acids
Surfactants
48
ANATOMICAL BARRIERS
Biological factors
Normal flora of the skin and GIT
49
play an important role in inflammation, characterized by edema and phagocytic cells.
Humoral barriers to infection
50
Humoral barriers to infection
These factors are found in the ________ or at the _______________
serum
site of infection
51
Enumerate the non-specific plasma proteins
Complement system
Coagulation system
Lactoferrin and transferrin
Interferons
Betalysin
Properdin
52
Once activated complement can lead to increased vascular permeability, recruitment of phagocytic cells, and lysis and opsonization of bacteria.
Complement system
53
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
Once activated complement can lead to increased:
Vascular permeability
Recruitment of phagocytic cells
lysis and opsonization of bacteria
54
Some products of the coagulation system can contribute to the non-specific defenses because of their ability to increase vascular permeability and act as chemotactic agents for phagocytic cells.
Coagulation system
55
are a group of cytokines that are secreted by different cells of the immune system that function for cellular growth modulation, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses.
Interleukins
56
These cells are the main line of defense in the non-specific immune system.
Cellular barriers to infection
57
Enumerate the kinds of Cellular barriers to infection
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Mast cells
Dendritic cells
Natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells
Eosinophils, Basophils
Monocytes
58
Third line of defense
Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
59
Affords protection against re-exposure to the same pathogen
Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
60
cells responsible for the specific immune response
Lymphocytes
61
Types of Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
B-cells
T-cells
Helper/Cytotoxic/Killer/Suppressor/Memory
62
mature in marrow
B-cells
63
mature in thymus
T-Cells
64
Types of Specific Immunologic Reactions/ Adaptive
Humoral Immunity
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
Cellular Immunity
65
aka antibody-mediated
Humoral Immunity
66
Involves B cell activation
Humoral immunity
67
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Production of antibodies in __________ and _______
Blood plasma
Lymph
68
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
B cells that are stimulated, called _________, will actively secrete antibodies
plasma B cells
69
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Antibodies are found in ____ (blood plasma, lymph, mucus, etc.) and _______________
ECF
surface of B cells
70
Defense against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses that circulate freely in body fluids before they enter cells
Humoral immunity
71
Result of actual infection
Active immunity
72
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
exposure to antigen
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
73
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
through vaccination
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
74
Result of transmission of antibodies
Passive immunity
75
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
natural antibodies
antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
76
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
injection of antibodies
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
77
T/F: in Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity, immunity is long-lived
FALSE; short-lived
78
a.k.a cell-mediated
Cellular immunity
79
Cellular immunity is the action of
T cells
80
Active against antigens and transplanted tissues
Cellular Immunity
81
Cellular immunity kills cells through _____
lysis
82
T/F: Cellular immunity is defense against extracellular organisms
FALSE; intracellular organisms
83
Process of inducing immunity naturally or artificially by vaccination or administration of antibody
Immunization
84
Types of Immunization
Vaccination
Herd Immunity
85
A type of active immunization wherein any vaccine or toxoid is administered for prevention of disease.
Vaccination
86
For every type of disease, there is a recommended percentage of immunized population to achieve herd immunity
Herd Immunity
87
Proteins, polysaccharides or nucleic acids delivered to the immune system to induce specific responses that inactivate, destroy or suppress the pathogen.
Vaccines
88
CELLS AND ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Two major lineages
Myeloid precursor
Lymphoid precursor
89
Enumerate the myeloid precursors
Monocytes
PMN (polymorphonuclears)
RBCs
Platelets
Macrophages
90
Enumerate the Lymphoid Precursors
T cells
B cells
NK cells
91
Two types of immune system organs
Primary
Secondary
92
maturation sites
Primary
93
Central organ where all immune cells are born
B cells maturation
Bone marrow
94
T-cell maturation
Thymus
95
activation sites
Secondary
96
Enumerate the secondary organs
Lymph nodes
Lymphatics
Spleen
MALT (mucous-associated lymphoid tissues)
97
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE
Individual Produces Antibody
Active
98
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE
Follows Immunization or Infection
Active
99
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE
Memory (lasting)
Active
100
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE
Antibody Transferred to individuals
Passive
101
Example of passive
Gamma Globulin Injections
Placental transfer
102
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE
No Memory (Temporary)
Passive
103
a.k.a innate
Natural
104
a.k.a acquired
Adaptive
105
NATURAL OR ADAPTIVE
Non-specific
NO memory
Natural
106
Example of Natural Immunity
Exogenous (skin)
Endogenous (Stomach acid)
Phagocytosis (PMNs)
NK (Natural Killer Cells)
107
NATURAL OR ADAPTIVE
Specific
Memory
Adaptive
108
Examples of Adaptive immunity
T Cells (cytokines)
B cells (antibodies)
109
CELLULAR OR HUMORAL
T Cell/Lymphokines
Cellular
110
CELLULAR OR HUMORAL
Primary defense agaisnt viral/fungal infections (Intracellular organisms)
Cellular
111
CELLULAR OR HUMORAL
Delayed Hypersensitivity
(Ex. Transplant rejection)
Cellular
112
CELLULAR OR HUMORAL
B Cell (Plasma cell)/Antibody
Humoral
113
CELLULAR OR HUMORAL
Primary defense against bacterial infections (Extracellular organisms)
Humoral
114
CELLULAR OR HUMORAL
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Humoral
