Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology/immunology > Introduction to Immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

two twpes of immunity are___ and ___

A

innate and adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how we defend ourselves agaisnt bacteria:

  1. our ____
  2. acidity of our stomachs
  3. the flow of liquids in our urinary tract
  4. and a variety of other mechanisms.
A

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

We are capable of defending ourselves against most bacteria that exist.
These defenses include:
1. our skin
2. ___ of our stomachs
3. the flow of liquids in our urinary tract
3. and a variety of other mechanisms.

A

acidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q 
We are capable of defending ourselves against most bacteria that exist.
 These defenses include:
1. our skin 
2. acidity of our stomachs
3. the flow \_\_\_\_
3. and a variety of other mechanisms.
A

the flow of liquids in our urinary track

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

molcules in the INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE that recognize and attack bacteria include the:

A

complement system

set of receptors for bacteria markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Several cell types are able to ___ and ___ most bacteria.

A

bind and clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

innate immune response and it is always present and works in a matter of what time

A

f minutes to hours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what immune response is always present

A

innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bacteria avoid being killed by inate -> ___ system needed

A

adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in adaptive immunity ____ are involved

A

b lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

___-lymphocytes (B-cells) produce an antigen- specific to the pathogen.

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Two ways antibodies can help

A

help neutrilize toxins or aid in phogcytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T-cells help B-cells by what two ways

A
  1. stimulate phagocytes to kill better

2. can be directly cytotoxic to virally infected cells and tumor cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This adaptive response is slower and takes many ___ to ____ to develops

A

days to weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

___ immunity has a limited number of specifities

A

innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_____ improve during a response

A

adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

____ immunity involves

barrers
phagocytosis
complement

A

innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

opsonin is Something that increases the phagocytosis of an object by ____ to the object

A

binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are compliments important in

A

inflammation and clearing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

compliments are a groip of serum proteins involved in ____ immunity

A

innate and adaptivwe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Antibodies are serum _____ that result from specific immune responses.

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

antibodies have high affinity binds sites for antigens at

A

one end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are at both ends of antibodies

A

on one end: bindign site for a specific forein structure

on the other: fc regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

on antibodies the site for effect cells to bind is the __ region

A

fc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
the Fc receptor makes the ____ molecule a flexible specific adaptor between the target and the effector
antibody
26
the antibody binds to an antigen with
incredible specifity
27
antigen is a ___ generator
ANTIgen GENerator
28
antigen refers to a moleulce recognized by
antibody or a t cell receptor
29
Oposination: When specific antibody is present -> a high ____ is formed --> enhancing phagocytosis
affinity bridge
30
Oposination: When ___ is present -> a high affinity bridge is formed --> enhancing phagocytosis
specific antibody
31
compliments are a group fo seurm proteins that can either do one of two things
1. recognize certain types of microorganisms directly | 2. or bind to and recognize bound antibody molecules
32
The ____ system helps or “complements” the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.
complement
33
complement reaction can result in ___ of the target cell or the deposition of complement on the cell surface
lysis
34
complement reaction can result in lysis of the target cell or the deposition of ___
complement on the cell surface
35
the complement cell ___ can act as an opsonin for many effector cell types
c3
36
can identify immune cells by __ ___ or ____
histology, enzymes, antibodies
37
most powerful methods for identifying cell type is
antigenic method
38
it can be confusing to use antigenic means to define cells becayse of the the development of
new antibodies, seemingly everyday
39
the Cluster of Differentiation notation system was designed to make a unfirom system to name monoclonal antibodies to keep up with
antibodies appearing everyday
40
____ is a cluster of differentiation found on a subset MATURE T CELLS
CD3
41
____ is a cluster of differentiation found on a subset T HELPER/REGULATORY
CD4
42
____ is a cluster of differentiation found on a subset T CYTOTOXIC
CD8
43
____ is a useful cd marker for recognition of PRESENTING CELLS
CD28
44
____ is a useful cd marker for recognition of COSTIMULATORY MOLECULE
cd40
45
____ is a ligand for CD40
cd40l
46
____ is an IL-2 receptor
cd25
47
cd5 is an il 2 receptor with ___ affinity
high
48
___ is the most abundant leukocyte, representing 60-70% of the circulating white cells.
neutrophils
49
neutrophils are an end cell of myeloid differentiation and does not
divide.
50
no neutrophils divide?
no
51
neutrophils circulate in blood for ___ of time
only a short period 12 hours
52
During inflammation neutrophils enter tissue and then
complete their life cycle.
53
neutrphils contain granules of ___ and ____ classes
primary or azurophilic | secondary of specific
54
the granules of neutrphils contain
the bactericidal and hydrolytic enzymes of the cell
55
neutrophils die in the tissue and are engulfed and degraded by
macrophages
56
grnaulocytes include 1. ___ and 2. _____
eosinophil and basophil
57
basophilic cells include ___ and ____
dendritic cells and mast cells
58
mononuclear phagocytes include __ and ___
monocytes and macrophages
59
lymphocytes include ___ and ____
small lymphocutes and plasma cells
60
___ represent 1-3% of the circulating leukocytes.
eosinophils
61
eosinophils have a halflife of only ___ minutes
30
62
____ contain eosphinophilic basic protein
eosinophils
63
eosphinophilic basic protein makes eosinophils importance in the clearence of
parasitic worms
64
____ is important in the clearence of parasitic worms
eosphinophils
65
can eosphinophils do phagocytosis
yes
66
eosphinophils do much of their work through ____ mechanism
extracelluluar
67
Monocytes are derived in the ____ and circulate in the blood.
bone marrow
68
when monocytes enter tissues they are called
macropahes
69
a consequence of entering tissue or as a consequence of the inflammation drawing cells into tissue MACROPHAGES change, becoming better ___ cells.
effector
70
Can macrophages exist in cells without any inflammation
yes, they are not effective effectors
71
Macrophages are capable of both___ and ____ killing.
intracellular and extracellular
72
In macrophages, ____ killing invovles bacteria, yeast and parasites
Intracellular
73
In macrophages, extracellular killing invovles ___ ____ and ____ IF in vitro if antibody is present or if the macrophages are activated
virally infected cells, larger parasite and tumor cells
74
in macrophages, extracellular killing only happens in vitro if ___ or ___
vitro if antibody is present or if the macrophages are activated
75
is it known if extracellular killing with macrophages happens in the body
no, only invitro
76
___ si the cell that produces immunogloubulin
b lymphocyte
77
The ___ is a critical cell in regulating immune responses
T-lymphocyte (T for thymus derived)
78
___ is a critical cell in the effector function of killing infected cells
t lymphocytes
79
cytoxic t cells play an important role in ___ and ____
1. cthe regulation of the immune response | 2. act as an effector cell.
80
ctyotocix t have the ___ surface marker
cd8
81
recognition of target cells by CTYOTOXIC T CELLS is mediated via a specific receptor and the entire process is __- specific.
antigen
82
most cytotoxic T cell reactions are restricted to killing cells that have self antigen in addition to foreign antigen --- >This leads to a ____ number of possible target cell types
very limited
83
The major type of infected cell implicated as a target of cytotoxic T-cells are ___ infected cells
virally
84
intracellularly infected cells such as those cells infected with protozoan parasites might be killed by ____ liberating the parasite and allowing macrophages to ingest the phagocyte and kill it.
cytotoxic T-cells
85
Som____ are able to kill nonself cells partthe icularly those associated with transplants.
e cytotoxic cells
86
NK cells kill without apparent specificty:
tumor cells and | virally infected cells
87
using ___ NK cells some subspecifities are apparent
cloned
88
most to least proportion of leukocytes
``` Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils ```

Microbiology/immunology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions