Introduction to immunology

Question 1

Name some physical barriers

Answer 1

lysozyme in tears and saliva
mucous membranes 
mucociliary escalator 
normal flora of gut 
gastric acid 
physical flushing - urinary tract

Question 2

Does innate or acquired immunity have memory?

Answer 2

acquired

Question 3

What does innate immunity detect?

Answer 3

alteration from haemostasis

damage to host or a pathogen

Question 4

innate immune cells

Answer 4

basophils 
neutrophils 
eosinophils 
NK cells
macrophage 
mast cell 
monocyte

Question 5

What do cytokines regulate?

Answer 5

nature, duration and intensity of immune response

Question 6

What cells predominantly produce cytokines?

Answer 6

macrophages

T helper cells

Question 7

pro-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 7

TNF alpha
IL-1,6
Chemokines

Question 8

anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 8

IL-10

TGF-B

Question 9

What can cytokines activate?

Answer 9

macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, B and T cells

Question 10

What do cytokines do to bone marrow?

Answer 10

act on it to increase leukocyte production

Question 11

Inflammation

Answer 11

vasodilation 
increased vascular permeability
increased cell adhesion 
chemotaxis 
increased sensitivity to pain

Question 12

Chemicals involved in inflammation

Answer 12

NO
Bradykinin 
prostaglandins 
TNF alpha and IL-1
Histamine

Question 13

3 pathways to activate complement

Answer 13

classical
lectin
alternative

Question 14

MAC

Answer 14

C5B, c6, 7, 8, 9

Question 15

opsonisation complement

Answer 15

c3b,c4b

Question 16

What does opsonisation do?

Answer 16

reduces repellent negative cell charge

increases number of binding sites for phagocytes

Question 17

Main opsonin

Answer 17

complement C3B,4B
antibodies
plasma proteins - mannose binding lectin

Question 18

humoral immunity

Answer 18

antibody mediated - B cells

Question 19

cell mediated immunity

Answer 19

T cells

Question 20

Where do B and T cells mature and then where do they go?

Answer 20

B = bone marrow
T = bone marrow then thymus
secondary lymphoid organs eg LN and spleen to encounter antigens

Question 21

Antigen

Answer 21

molecule capable of inducing an immune response

Question 22

Antibody

Answer 22

glycoprotein produced by B lymphocytes that binds antigen with high specificity and affinity

Question 23

How to B and T cells have specificity for an antigen?

Answer 23

BCR
TCR
genetic changes

Question 24

What do T cells require to recognise antigen?

Answer 24

presentation by MHC

Question 25

CD4 and CD8 MHC

Answer 25

``` 4 = MHC2 8 = MHC1 ```

Question 26

How do B cells recognise antigens?

Answer 26

directly via BCR

Question 27

MHC 1+2 - extracellular or intracellular?

Answer 27

``` 1= intracellular eg virus 2 = extracellular ```

Question 28

Central tolerance - T cells

Answer 28

``` +ve = T cell recognise MHC? -ve = too strongly with self antigens via MHC? ```

Question 29

Central tolerance B cells

Answer 29

self reacting BCR?

Question 30

Peripheral tolerance

Answer 30

monitor lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs and circulation regulatory T cells

Question 31

Tc cells - 3 actions

Answer 31

IFN gamma and TNF alpha cytotoxic granules - perforin and granzyme FasL-fas interactions

Question 32

What cells promote B cell antibody class switching?

Answer 32

T helper cells

Question 33

3 types of T helper cells

Answer 33

Th1, 2, 17

Question 34

Which T helper cells are intracellular and extracellular?

Answer 34

1-intracellular | 2+17, extracellular

Question 35

What do regulatory T cells secrete?

Answer 35

IL-10 and TGF-B

Question 36

2 regions of antibodies

Answer 36

Fab region - bind antigen | Fc region - communicate with immune cells

Question 37

Different antibodies and main function

Answer 37

IgM - activate complement IgG - cross placenta IgE -allergy IgA and IgD

Question 38

Functions of antibody

Answer 38

opsonisation immune complex formation activate cascade complement

Question 39

Elderly immune function variation

Answer 39

thymic involution fewer naïve T cells reduced B cell diversity

Question 40

secondary immune deficiencies

Answer 40

malnutrition infection, diabetes, malignancy drugs, splenectomy

Question 41

HIV - which immune cells does it bind?

Answer 41

CD4+

Question 42

Malnutrition and immune function

Answer 42

protein-calorie - energy | zinc, iron