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Physiology 1 : renal > Introduction to kidneys and body fluid > Flashcards

Introduction to kidneys and body fluid Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the total body water as a %?

A

→ 60%

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2
Q

How much is intracellular water?

A

→ 40%

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3
Q

How much is extracellular water?

A

→ 20%

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4
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

→ process where the concentration of solutes is regulated

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5
Q

Why is osmoregulation needed?

A

→ to avoid large disruptive movements of water between ICF and ECF

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6
Q

What is the plasma compartment sometimes called?

A

→ Effective circulating volume

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7
Q

What do starling forces determine?

A

→ Fluid and solute movement between plasma and interstitial fluid

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8
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

→ total concentration of osmotically active solutes

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9
Q

Why must osmolarity be kept the same?

A

→ Avoid excessive shifts of water between ECF and ICF

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10
Q

What is the principal electrolyte of the ECF?

A

→ Sodium

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11
Q

Why can ECF be regulated?

A

→ It is continuous

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12
Q

How many compartments is the ICF made from?

A

→ 1x10^14

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13
Q

What are the concentrations of Na+ in mmol/L in ICF and ECF?

A

ECF : 135-145

ICF - 5-10

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14
Q

What are the concentrations of K+ in mmol/L in ICF and ECF?

A

ECF : 3-5

ICF : 130-150

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15
Q

What will large shifts between ECFV and ICFV cause?

A

→ disrupts tissue function and structure

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16
Q

What does tissue perfusion depend on?

A

→ Balance between circulating volume and interstitial volume

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17
Q

What do salt and water balance depend on?

A

→ Osmoregulation

→ Volume regulation

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18
Q

What does osmoregulation maintain?

A

→ Maintains osmotic equilibrium between ICFV and ECFV

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19
Q

What does volume regulation maintain?

A

→adequate ECFV to support plasma volume

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20
Q

What is the equation for investigating plasma osmolarity?

A

→2[Na] + 2[K] + [Glucose] + [Urea] (all in mmol L-1)

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21
Q

What is the ion that has the biggest impact on osmolarity?

A

→ Na+

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22
Q

Why can other ions be neglected as contributing to osmolarity?

A

→they are present in much lower concentrations

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23
Q

What are the two ways to change the osmolarity of a solution?

A

→Add/Remove Solute

→Add/Remove Water

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24
Q

How do the kidneys respond when plasma osmolarity rises?

A

→ More water needed

→Kidneys respond by producing a small volume of concentrated urine (water retention)

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25
How do the kidneys respond when plasma osmolarity falls?
→ Too much water | →Kidneys respond by producing a large volume of dilute urine (water excretion)
26
What volume does volume regulation refer to?
→Circulating plasma volume
27
What are volume changes detected by?
→Stretch and pressure receptors in the CVS
28
What is a fall in blood volume opposed by?
→ Sodium retention → water follows osmotically →restoring the volume
29
Why does an increase in sodium not cause a huge change in osmolarity?
→the concentration (and hence osmolarity) is little changed because the retained sodium brings water with it.
30
What is the kidneys central function?
→ Salt and water balance
31
How does the kidney carry out its central function?
→regulating the amount of urine to conserve or excrete, water, and its concentration, the amount of salt
32
What is a by product of kidney function?
→ Urine
33
What is the urinary tract important for?
→ Temporary storage and removing the urine from the body
34
What are the 7 functions of the kidney?
→Osmoregulation →Volume regulation →Acid-base balance →Regulation of electrolytes balance, (eg potassium, calcium, phosphate) →Removal of metabolic waste products from blood →Removal of foreign chemicals in the blood (e.g. drugs) →Regulation of red blood cell production (EPO)
35
What is the nephron?
→ Functional unit of the kidney
36
What does the nephron consist of?
→special blood vessels and elaborate tubules (tiny tubules)
37
What are the 4 major structures in a nephron?
→Blood vessels →The glomerulus →Bowman capsule →The renal tubule
38
Describe the blood flow entering the nephron
``` Renal artery ↓ Segmental arteries ↓ Interlobar arteries ↓ Arcuate arteries ↓ Interlobular arteries ↓ Afferent arterioles ↓ Nephrons ```
39
Describe the blood flow leaving the nephron
``` Nephron ↓ Venules ↓ Interlobular veins ↓ Arcuate veins ↓ Interlobar veins ↓ Renal vein ```
40
What is the whole kidney supplied by?
→ Renal artery
41
What does the renal artery subdivide into?
→ Many renal arterioles supplying each nephron
42
Where does the kidney drain into?
→ The renal vein
43
What is the renal vein supplied by?
→venules coming away from each nephron | →joining together into larger veins which merge into the renal vein.
44
What are the 4 basic processes of renal function?
→Glomerular Filtration →Tubular Reabsorption →Tubular Secretion →Excretion of Water and Solutes in the Urine
45
What is the blood filtered through every few minutes?
→The entire blood plasma volume is filtered through the Bowman’s capsule every few minutes
46
What is reabsorption?
→Things you want are grabbed back from the filtrate as it makes its way along the nephron
47
Where is the plasma filtered?
→glomerulus | →renal tubule
48
What is the driving force behind glomerular filtration?
→Hydrostatic pressure which is due to the blood pressure of the afferent arteriole
49
What drives filtration?
→The pressure gradient between the afferent and efferent arteriole
50
What is filtration opposed by?
→It will be opposed by forces favouring reabsorption due to plasma proteins which aren’t filtered out of the capillaries
51
What Is the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute?
→ GFR
52
What happens to GFR during renal failure?
→ It is reduced
53
What can be used as an index for GFR?
→ Plasma creatinine
54
What does hydrostatic pressure do to fluids and solutes?
→Hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through the glomerular capillary membrane
55
What leads to the production of ultra filtrate in Bowmans capsule?
→Small molecules pass readily | →Large ones (proteins) and cells cannot pass
56
What are selectively reabsorbed in the primary filtrate?
→Water and solutes in the primary filtrate are selectively reabsorbed
57
Where are substances reabsorbed from and to?
→ from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries
58
What is tubular secretion important for?
→Disposing of substances which are not already in the filtrate →Eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid →Ridding the body of excess potassium ions →Controlling blood pH
59
What is excreted as urine?
→Whatever is left in the renal tubule at the end of these processes is excreted as urine
60
What is the control of water balance based on?
→The control of water balance (osmoregulation) is based on the control of the osmolarity of the ECFV
61
What should the total water balance be?
→ 0
62
What is the physiological response to water restriction?
→Loss of water (sweat, breathing).
63
What is the response when plasma osmolality rises?
→ increased secretion of ADH (Antidiuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin) →A decreased urine volume →An increased urine osmolality
64
What is the physiological response to an increased water intake?
→Increase in water absorption through GIT
65
What is the response when plasma osmolality falls?
→The response the reduced secretion of ADH →Urine volume increases →Urine osmolality decreases
66
What is osmolality related to?
→ Total solute concentration
67
What is the biggest contributor to osmolality?
→ Na
68
What is the sodium retaining system?
→ RAAS system
69
What is the sodium eliminating system?
→ ANP (cardiac natriuretic peptides)
70
What is ECF volume determined by?
ECF volume is determined by the amount of Na+ in this compartment. The sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and natriuretic peptides are important components of the system needed to maintain steady-state Na+ balance.
71
What must be balanced to maintain constant ECF volume?
→To maintain constant ECF volume (i.e., euvolemia), Na+ excretion must match Na+ intake.
72
What is the major route for eliminating Na+ from the body?
→ Kidneys
73
Where are volume sensors located and what do they monitor ?
→ located primarily in the vascular system | →monitor volume and pressure.
74
What happens when ECF volume expansion occurs?
→ neural and hormonal signals are sent to the kidneys to increase the excretion of NaCl and water → thereby restore euvolemia.
75
What are 3 important components in maintaining a steady state Na+ balance?
→The sympathetic nervous system →the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system →natriuretic peptides

Physiology 1 : renal (13 decks)

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