Introduction to Medical Entomology Flashcards by Charles Herrera

How many % of all animals are arthropods?

85%

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What are the defining attributes of arthropods?

Bilateral symmetry
Hard exoskeleton
Jointed appendages
Segmented bodies

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What is the scientific term for segmentation?

Tagmata

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Which class has 1 pair of legs per body segment and head & trunk divisions?

Chilopoda

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Which class has 2 pairs of legs per body segment and head & trunk divisions?

Diplopoda

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Which class has 5 pairs of legs and no distinct segmentation?

Crustacea

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Which class has 4 pairs of legs (3 in larvae) and cephalothorax & abdomen divisions?

Arachnida

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Which class has 3 pairs of legs and head, thorax and abdomen divisions?

Insecta

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Which class has no legs in adults but 2 in the larval form?

Pentastomida (extinct)

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What are the two types of vectors?

Biological and Mechanical

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How long do mosquitoes stay in the egg stage? How many larval stages do they have?

1 - 2 days; 4

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What are the our important genera of mosquito?

Aedes
Anopheles
Mansonia
Culex

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Characteristic of Anopheles mosquito egg-laying

Eggs are laid parallel to surface due to absence of larvae’s siphon.

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Primary difference between male and female mosquitoes

Antennae

Plummose - Male
Pinnose - Female

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Primary urban mosquito vector

Aedes aegypti

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Primary rural mosquito vector

Aedes albopictus

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Differentiate A. aegypti and A. albopictus

A. aegypti - lyre shaped thorax with white stripes

A. albopictus - straight white line marking thorax

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What is the primary mosquito vector responsible for transmitting malaria in the Philippines?

Anopheles flavirostris (clear, slow-flowing water)

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How do you distinguish Anopheles mosquito from other genera?

While feeding, its abdomen points upward.

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What are the secondary mosquito vectors of malaria?

A. litoralis (brackish water)
A. balabacensis (still water in forest in Palawan)
A. mangyanus (same as A. flavoristris)
A. maculatus (elevated areas)

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What vectors transmit Bancroftian filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti?

Anopheles flavirostris

2. Aedes poecilius (primary; breed in axils)

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What vectors transmit Brugian flariasis caused by Brugia malayi?

Mansonia bonneae (swamp breeder)

2. Mansonia uniformis (swamp breeder)

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What causes Bancroftian filariasis?

Wuchereria bancrofti

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What causes Brugian flariasis?

Brugia malayi

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What is the global primary vector for Japanese encephalitis? Where do they breed?

Culex tritaeniorhynchus; rice

What is the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis in Indonesia?

Culex quinquefasciatus

What are the other vectors of Japanese encephalitis?

1. C. gelidus 2. C. pseudovishnui 3. C. vishnui 4. C. fuscocephala

How deep should the water be for mosquito larvae to survive?

2 cm

Describe breeding habit of Aedes mosquitoes

1. Container or axil breeders 2. Clear but not clean and stagnant water 3. Eggs survive for six months w/o water

Describe breeding habit of Anopheles mosquitoes

Clear, clean and slow flowing partly shaded streams

Describe breeding habit of Mansonia mosquitoes

Swampy and forested areas with aquatic vegetation

Describe breeding habit of Culex mosquitoes

Rice field, pools, irrigation canal, trapped water or undisturbed fish pond

Is transmission via oral secretion a characteristic of mechanical vectors?

Yes

What do you call the fine hairs that may harbour pathogens?

Setae

What has been found to be viable in cockroach gut for 12 house?

Mycobacterium leprae

What types of diseases can cockroaches carry?

Tuberculosis, cholera, leprosy, dysentery, diarrhea, anthrax, poliomyelitis and typhoid

What is the 2nd most important ingested allergen?

Cockroach parts

What species of cockroach is common in condominiums and prefers cold areas?

Blatella germanica or German cockroach

What species of cockroach is eaten as a delicacy?

Periplaneta americana or American cockroach

What are fleas in Filipino?

Pulgas

Enumerate the common species of fleas

1. Pulex irritans (humans) 2. Ctenocephalides canis (dogs) 3. Ctenocephalides felis (cats) 4. Xenopsylla cheopis (rats) 5. Tunga penetrans (chigoe/sand mites; causes tungiasis)

Characteristic of flea infestation

Zigzag pattern of bites

Which flea may serve as a vector for murine typhus and the plague?

Xenopsylla cheopis

What do members of genus Ctenocephalides often harbour? What does it cause?

Dipylidium caninum; dypylidiasis

What does the Oriental rat flea typically carry? What does it cause?

Hymenolepis diminuta; hymenolepiasis

Which larvae look like rice grains?

Flea larvae

Enumerate the common species of lice

1. Pediculus humanus capitis 2. Pediculus humanus humanus 3. Phthirus pubis

Differentiate the lice species based on biting habit.

Body Louse - Night Head Louse - Day Pubic Louse - Day/Night

Differentiate the lice species based on residual effects of bites.

Body Louse - Hyperpigmentation Head Louse - Isolated pustules Pubic Louse - Bluish spots

Pediculosis is the ___ most common ailment among public school children aged _____.

2nd; 7 - 12

What are important diseases transmitted by body lice?

1. Epidemic typhus 2. Trench fever 3. Louse-born relapsing fever

What is the etiologic agent of Trench fever?

Bartonella quintana

List possible modes of treatment for lice infestation.

1. 1% gamma benzene hexachloride (lindane) 2. 1% permethrin cream (pyrethrin) 3. 0.3% pyrethrins + 3% piperonyl butoxide shampoo

What are the Filipino terms for mange mite?

Tungaw, kurikong or galis-aso

What is the only parasitic species of mite?

Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis

Scabies is also known as?

Seven-year itch, sarcastic acariasis or Norwegian itch

How deep to S. scabiei burrow into people's skin?

2.5 cm

What are the top 3 skin diseases?

1. Tinea flava 2. Skin allergies 3. Scabies

What is the treatment for mange mites?

1. 12 hours of gamma benzene hexachloride 2. 12 hours of 25% benzyl benzoate 3. 24 hours for 2 weeks of crotamiton 4. Antihistamines/salicylates (pruritus) 5. Antibiotics 6. Sulfur soaps

Kissing bugs are also known as?

Conensoses or assassin bugs

What family do kissing bugs belong to?

Reduviidae

Enumerate common species of kissing bugs

1. Rhodnius prolixus 2. Panstrongylus megistus 3. Triatoma infestans

Characterize the bites of kissing bugs

1. Painful 2. May involve fever and anaphylactic reactions 3. Nighttime

Kissing bugs may be vectors for what? What does this organisms cause?

Trypanosoma cruzi; Chaga's disease or American trypanosomiasis

What do you call the infestation of living tissue by fly larva?

Myiasis

What are the categories of myiasis?

1. Semispecific 2. Accidental 3. Specific

Enumerate the genera involved in semispecific myiasis

1. Sarcophaga (fleshfly) 2. Lucilia (bangaw) 3. Calliphora (blowfly)

Enumerate the genera involved in accidental myiasis

1. Musca domestica (housefly) | 2. Fannia (latrine fly)

Enumerate the genera involved in specific myiasis

Dermatophobia hominis (human botfly)

What are the main steps in fly control?

Exclusion, Restriction and Destruction

What family are the common bedbugs part of?

Cimicidae

Enumerate common species of bedbugs.

1. Cimex lectularius 2. Cimex hemipterus 3. Leptocimex boueti

What is most notable about cimicosis?

There is a linear biting pattern (typically 3).

What are the most venomous types of bees?

Honeybee and bumblebee

Enumerate the components of venom.

1. Histamine 2. Nonhydrin 3. Mellitin 4. Phospholipase 5. Hyaluronidase

What is the difference between a bee sting and a wasp sting?

Bee sting - only once Wasp sting - may occur multiple times Wasp venom also has 10% acetylcholine

Enumerate the common genera of scorpions.

1. Centruroides spp. | 2. Buthus spp.

What are the components of scorpion venom?

1. Serotonin | 2. Sulfhydryl group (neurotoxic & haemolytic)

What are the clinical manifestations of being poisoned by a scorpion?

Hives, swelling, asthma, allergic rhinitis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting metallic taste in mouth and respiratory paralysis

What family do blister beetles belong to?

Meloidae

Give a common species of blister beetle.

Lytta vessicatoria

What is the main component of blister beetle poison?

Cantharidin (has sulfhydryl group)

What is the clinical manifestation of blister beetle poisoning?

Slight tingling, burning and erythema 2 - 3 hours after - appearance of vesicles/bullae 8 - 10 hours after - appearance of elongated blisters Drench in running water and do not rub!

What are the components of caterpillar poison?

1. Histamine 2. Proteinaceous substances 3. Water soluble protein pytic enzyme

How do you treat caterpillar poisoning?

1. Application of tape over sting site to remove spines/hairs 2. Prescribe antihistamine

What arthropod found in flour and grain serves as intermediate hosts for what helminths?

Tribolium confusum or Confused Flour Beetle 1. Raillietina garrisoni (Common Rat Tapeworm) 2. Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm) 3. Hymenolepis diminuta (Rat Tapeworm)

What arthropod serves as the intermediate host of Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm)?

Tenebrio molitor

Introduction to Medical Entomology Flashcards

(87 cards)