Introduction to Medical Imaging

Question 1

who discovered xray?

Answer 1

Wilhelm Röentgen

Question 2

Coolidge Tube

Answer 2

Dr. William Coolidge

Question 3

Produced by focusing a beam of high energy electrons onto a tungsten target

Answer 3

X-rays

Question 4

what does xray use?

Answer 4

Electromagnetic radiation

Question 5

Cathode energy releases in the form of

Answer 5

electrons

Question 6

Advantages of digital over conventional radiography

Answer 6

Magnification of areas of interest
Alteration of density
Measurements of distances and angles

Question 7

Cassettes are inserted in the laser reader

ADC produces an image

Answer 7

Computed Radiography

Question 8

detector screen of digital radiography contains__

Answer 8

silicon detector

Question 9

Produce electrical signal when exposed to x-rays

Answer 9

digital radiography

Question 10

• Large computer storage facility
• Images form different modalities are stored
• Allow instant recall and display of patients’ imaging study
• Easy accessibility for other hospital facilities

Answer 10

PACS

Question 11

Constant stream of X-rays

Answer 11

fluoroscopy

Question 12

uses of fluoroscopy??

Answer 12

• Angiography and interventional radiology
• Contrast studies of the GI tract
• Guidance of therapeutic injections and arthrograms
• Screening in theatre
  
  • General surgery, urology, orthopedic surgery

Question 13

water insoluble contrast material

Answer 13

barium

Question 14

uses of contrast materials

Answer 14

GI tract studies
CT scan
DSA
Arthrography

Question 15

Cross-sectional imaging with the use of .x-rays

Answer 15

CT scan

Question 16

High attenuation

Light grey or white

Answer 16

High density

Question 17

Low attenuation

black

Answer 17

Low density

Question 18

Alteration of grey-scale settings

Image information can be manipulated to display various tissue of the body.

Answer 18

Windows

Question 19

inventor of CT scan

Answer 19

Godfrey hounsfield

Question 20

Relative density of an area of interest can be measured electronically

Answer 20

attenuation value

Question 21

CT number of bone

Answer 21

+1000

Question 22

used in Differentiation of normal blood vessels from abnormal masses (hilar vessels versus lymph nodes

Answer 22

Intravenous contrast

Question 23

Differentiation of normal enhancing bowel loops from abnormal masses or fluid collections
Diagnosis of perforation of the gastrointestinal tract
Diagnosis of leaking surgical anastomose

Answer 23

oral contrast

Question 24

Detailed examination of the pelvis and the distal large bowel.

Answer 24

Rectal contrast

Question 25

Tube and detectors rotate as the patient passes through on the scanning table. Multiple detectors 16 to 320 row scanners

Answer 25

Multidetector Row CT scan (MDCT)

Question 26

uses High-frequency sound waves

Answer 26

Ultrasound

Question 27

basic component of ultrasound

Answer 27

Piezoelectric crystals

Question 28

conversion of sound into mechanical energy

Answer 28

Piezoelectric effect

Question 29

Varying sound wave reflection

Answer 29

Echogenicity

Question 30

Reflect more sound waves | White or light grey

Answer 30

Hyperechoic

Question 31

Reflect less sound waves | Dark grey

Answer 31

Hypoechoic

Question 32

appears black in utz

Answer 32

anechoic

Question 33

Tissues distally receive more sound waves

Answer 33

Acoustic Enhancment

Question 34

``` Reverse effect of acoustic enhancement - appears Darker Gas containing bowel Gallstones Renal stones Breast malignancy ```

Answer 34

acoustic shadowing

Question 35

Uses non-ionizing radiation

Answer 35

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Question 36

Magnetic strength

Answer 36

tesla

Question 37

increased density in MRI

Answer 37

appears darker

Question 38

the primary nuclei used for mri imaging is the

Answer 38

hydrogen atom called proton

Question 39

used to excite the proton which resonate and emit varying signals which are received, digitized and display as images

Answer 39

radiowave

Question 40

the process by which the spins in the sample come to equilibrium with the surroundings

Answer 40

Relaxation

Question 41

structures that appear white on T1

Answer 41

``` Fat Subacute hemorrhage Melanin Protein-rich fluid Slowly flowing blood Paramagnetic substances: gadolinium, manganese, copper Calcification (rarely) Laminar necrosis of cerebral infarction ```

Question 42

structures that appear dark on T1

Answer 42

Increased water *edema, tumor, infarction, inflammation, infection, hemorrhage (hyperacute or chronic) Low proton density, calcification Flow void

Question 43

APPEARS BRIGHT IN T2

Answer 43

Increased water edema, tumor, infarction, inflammation, infection, subdural collection Methemoglobin (extracellular) in subacute hemorrhage

Question 44

appears dark on t2

Answer 44

Low proton density, calcification, fibrous tissue Paramagnetic substances: deoxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin (intracellular), iron, ferritin, hemosiderin, melanin Protein-rich fluid Flow void

Question 45

Paramagnetic substance that causes T1 shortening = increased signal on T1-weighted images.

Answer 45

Gadolinium

Question 46

Imaging modality of choice for most brain and spine disorders

Answer 46

MRI

Question 47

MR for abdomen in children is used for:

Answer 47

staging of abdominal tumors

Question 48

Imaging study for breast tissues

Answer 48

mammography

Question 49

2 Basic forms of mammography

Answer 49

Screening | Diagnostic

Question 50

age of women at average risk of breast ca

Answer 50

40

Question 51

2 views in mammography

Answer 51

MLO and CC

Question 52

commonly develop in women's breasts because the breasts produce milk, which contains calcium

Answer 52

calcifications

Question 53

A mass, or lump, found on a mammogram may be

Answer 53

Lymph nodes Cyst Fibroadenoma

Question 54

can make mammogram evaluation difficult because the tissue can obscure small cancers

Answer 54

Dense breast tissue

Question 55

use of gamma radiation to form images following the injection of various radiopharmaceuticals

Answer 55

Scintigraphy

Question 56

emits gamma rays

Answer 56

Radionuclide

Question 57

is an analogue of glucose and therefore accumulates in areas of high glucose metabolism

Answer 57

FDG

Question 58

Area of high FDG concentration

Answer 58

hot spot

Question 59

Isotope is attached to a biological compound to form a radiopharmaceutical Most commonly used in ONCOLOGY

Answer 59

PET Scan

Question 60

The main disadvantage of scintigraphy is

Answer 60

its non specificity