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CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY > Introduction to Medical Parasitology > Flashcards

Introduction to Medical Parasitology Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

The area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

Concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities

A

Medical Parasitology

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3
Q

Is a branch of medicine that deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions

A

Tropical Medicine

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4
Q

An illness, which is indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area but may also occur in sporadic or epidemic proportions in areas that are not tropical.

A

Tropical Disease

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5
Q

Living together of unlike organisms

A

Symbiosis

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6
Q

A symbiotic relationship in which two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other

A

Commensalism

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7
Q

A symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other

A

Mutualism

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8
Q

A symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host

A

Parasitism

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9
Q

A parasite living inside the body of a host

A

Endoparasite

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10
Q

Parasite living outside the body of a host

A

Ectoparasite

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11
Q

The presence of an endoparasite in a host is called an

A

Infection

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12
Q

The presence of an ectoparasite on a host is called an

A

Infestation

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13
Q

Parasite that is found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

A

Erratic parasite

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14
Q

Parasite that needs a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species.

A

Obligate parasite

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15
Q

Parasite that may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises

A

Facultative parasite

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16
Q

Parasite which establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live

A

Accidental or incidental parasite

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17
Q

Parasite that remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life

A

Permanent parasite

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18
Q

Parasite that lives on the host only for a short period of time

A

Temporary parasite

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19
Q

Free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

A

Spurious parasite

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20
Q

Host in which the parasite attains sexual maturity

A

Definitive or final host

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21
Q

Host that harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite

A

Intermediate host

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22
Q

Host in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages

A

Paratenic host

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23
Q

Host that widens the parasite distribution and bridge the ecological gap between the definitive and intermediate hosts.

A

Paratenic host

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24
Q

Host that allow the parasite’s life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection

A

Reservoir hosts

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25
Causative agent of amebic dysentery
Entamoeba histolytica
26
Reservoir host of Balantidium coli
Pigs
27
Reservoir host of Paragonimus westermani
Field rats
28
Reservoir host of Brugia malayi
Cats
29
Responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another
Vectors
30
Transmits the parasite only after the latter has completed its development within the host
Biologic vectors
31
Only transports the parasite
Mechanical or phoretic vector
32
Harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms
Carrier
33
The process of inoculating an infective agent
Exposure
34
Connotes the establishment of the infective agent in the host
Infection
35
Period between infection and evidence of symptoms
Incubation period
36
The period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection
Pre-patent period / biologic incubation period
37
Results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection
Autoinfection
38
Mode of transmission of enterobiasis
Hand-to-mouth transmission
39
Happens when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite
Superinfection or hyperinfection
40
Most common sources of parasitic infections
Contaminated soil and water
41
Unholy trinity
Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Hookworm
42
Another possible source of infection
Food (raw / undercooked)
43
Infection associated with Bullastra snails
Artyfechinostomum malayanum infection
44
Vectors of malaria and filarial parasites
Mosquitoes
45
Carriers of Trypanosoma cruzi
Triatoma bugs
46
Causative agent of Chagas’ disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
47
Natural vectors of all types of Leishmania
Sand flies
48
Direct source of Toxoplasma infections
Cats
49
Source of Hymenolepis nana
Rats
50
Inanimate objects that acts as a source of infection
Fomites
51
Parasites that cause autoinfection
Capillaria philippinensis Enterobius vermicularis Hymenolepis nana Strongyloides stercoralis
52
Most likely portal of entry for parasitic infections
Mouth
53
Parasites from eating food harboring the infective larval stages
Taenia solium Taenia saginata Diphyllobothrium latum
54
Parasites from from drinking water contaminated with cysts
Entamoeba histolytica | Giardia lamblia
55
Parasites from ingesting raw or improperly cooked freshwater fish containing infective larvae
Clonorchis Haplorchis Opistorchis
56
Parasites that enter via exposure of skin to soil
Hookworms | Strongyloides
57
Parasites that enter skin via water
Schistosoma species
58
Collective term for agents of malaria, filariasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and babesiosis
Arthropods vectors
59
Parasite that can cross the placental barrier during pregnancy
Toxoplasma gondii
60
Parasites that may be transmitted through mother’s milk
Ancylostoma and Strongyloides
61
Enterobius may be acquired through:
Inhalation of airborne eggs
62
Mode of transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis
Sexual intercourse
63
The study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease
Epidemiology
64
The number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time
Incidence
65
The number (usually expressed as percentage) of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time.
Prevalence
66
The percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite
Cumulative prevalence
67
Refers to burden of infection which is related to the number of worms per infected person
Intensity of infection
68
Number of worms per infected person
Worm burden
69
How to directly measure soil-transmitted helminths
Counting expelled worms
70
How to indirectly measure soil-transmitted helminths
Counting helminth eggs excreted in feces
71
Helminth egg count is expressed as
Eggs per gram (epg)
72
Clinical consequences of infections or diseases that affect an individual’s well-being
Morbidity
73
The use of anthelminthic drugs in an individual or a public health program
Deworming
74
Refers to the number (usually expressed as a percentage) of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming
Cure rate
75
The percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after the treatment
Egg reduction rate (ERR)
76
Involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection, or based on presumptive grounds
Selective treatment
77
Is a group-level deworming where the (risk) group to be treated (without prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status
Targeted treatment
78
Is a population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics
Universal treatment
79
The regular, systematic, large-scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminth infection
Preventive Chemotherapy
80
Refers to the proportion of the target population reached by an intervention
Coverage
81
Is the effect of a drug against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context
Efficacy
82
Is a measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host, living in a particular environment with specific ecological, immunological, and epidemiological determinants
Effectiveness
83
Indicators that are commonly used to measure the reduction in prevalence and reduction in intensity of infection
Cure rate and egg reduction rate
84
How to measure the effectiveness of drug against a parasite
Qualitative and quantitative diagnostic tests which detect eggs or larvae in feces or urine
85
Is a genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a parasite population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose
Drug resistance
86
The avoidance of illness caused by infections
Morbidity control
87
Is a health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices
Information-education-communication (IEC)
88
Is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or intermediate host propagation and reducing contact between humans and the infective agent
Environmental management
89
Involves interventions to reduce environmental health risks including the safe disposal and hygienic management of human and animal excreta, refuse, and waste water
Environmental sanitation
90
Is the provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta, usually combined with access to safe drinking water
Sanitation
91
Defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts
Disease eradication
92
Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts
Disease elimination

CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY (3 decks)

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