INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
the study of very small living organisms
A
Microbiology
2
Q
these are very small living organism which cannot be seen by naked eye.
A
Microorganisms
3
Q
Microorganism is also known as
A
microbes or germs
4
Q
He observed strands of fungi among the specimens of cell.
A
Robert Hooked
5
Q
Dutch merchant who made careful observations of microscopic organisms, which he called ___
A
Anton van Leuwenhoek, animalcules
6
Q
regarded as one of the first to provide accurate description of protozoa, fungi, and bacteria
A
Anton Van Leuwenhoek
7
Q
State what happen- The Spontaneous Generation debates
A
At this time scientist debated the theory of spontaneous generation which stated that microorganisms arise from lifeless matter such as beef broth
8
Q
showed that fly maggots do not arise from decaying meat if the meat is not covered to prevent the entry of flies
A
Francisco Redi
9
Q
English cleric who advanced spontaneous generation,
A
John Needham
10
Q
disputed the theory of John Needham by showing that boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life.
A
Lazzaro Spallanzani
11
Q
performed numerous experiments in middle and late 1800s to discover that bacteria are the cause why wine and dairy products are sour
A
Louis Pasteur
12
Q
State Louis Pasteur contributions.
A
- He emphasized the importance of bacteria in everyday life.
- He proved that if bacteria could make the wine “sick”, then it could cause human illness.
- Pasteur postulated the germ theory which states that microorganisms are the causes of infectious disease
13
Q
German scientist who formulated a theory by cultivating anthrax bacteria by injecting pure culture of bacilli into mice that cause anthrax. This procedure is known as ___.
A
Robert Koch, Koch’s Postulates
14
Q
State PRINCIPLES OF Koch’s postulates
A
- The specific organism should be shown to be present in all cases of animals suffering from a specific disease, but should not be found in healthy animals;
- The specific microorganism should be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure culture on artificial laboratory media;
- The freshly isolated microorganism, when inoculated into a healthy non-immune laboratory animal, should cause the same disease seen in the original animal; and
- The microorganism should be re-isolated in pure culture from the experimental infection
15
Q
discovered and introduced as primary therapy
for microbial infections
A
antibiotics (after world war II)
16
Q
relatively simple, prokaryotic organisms whose cells lack a nucleus or nuclear membrane
A
Bacteria
17
Q
Bacteria may appear as
A
rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spirals (spirilla or
spirochetes).
18
Q
Bacteria reproduce at temperatures ranging from ___
and condition ___
A
100◦ C and conditions that are oxygen free or oxygen rich.
19
Q
Ultramicroscopic bits of genetic material (DNA or RNA), enclosed in a protein shell and others in a membranous envelop
A
Viruses
20
Q
Yes or no. Do Viruses have metabolism?
A
None
21
Q
How do viruses exist?
A
Viruses multiply in living cells and use the chemical machinery of the cells for their own purpose
22
Q
are eukaryotic, unicellular organisms
A
Protozoa
23
Q
Some protozoa use what?
A
flagella, other use cilia and other use pseudopodia
24
Q
True or false. Protoza Exist in an infinite variety of shapes
A
True because they have no cell walls
25
Protozoa causes diseases such as
malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery, toxoplasmosis
26
are eukaryotic microorganisms that include multicellular molds and unicellular (single-celled) yeasts.
Funji
27
slightly larger than bacteria and are used in alcohol fermentations and bread making
Yeast
28
are filamentous
Molds
29
Funji prepared environment
acidic environments, most live at room temperature and oxygen rich conditions
30
Most common funji is?
Mushroom
31
implies a variety of plantlike organisms
Algae
32
Examples of algae
diatoms and dinoflagellates (that inhibit the oceans and are found at the bases of marine food chains.
33
study of bacteria
Bacteriology
34
study of viruses
Virology
35
study of fungi
Mycology
36
study of algae
Phycology
37
study of protozoa (other term is parasitology)
Protozoology
38
microbes are being exploited in two important ways- biofertilizers and creating new nitrogen-fixing organisms.
Soil fertility
39
through recombinant DNA technology efforts have been made to introduce nitrogen-fixing genes into wheat, corn, and rice among others.
Nitrogen-fixers
40
several microbes (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) are being developed as suitable bio pesticides for management of insect and nematode pest
Bio pesticides
41
some fungi have a good potential for their use to control nematode pests of vegetables, fruit and cereal crops. Some bacterial and fungal products are also in use to control diseases of roots and shoots of plants
Bionematicides
42
several fungi have been found very useful in the control of troublesome weeds of crop fields
Bio weedicides
43
inexpensive and increasingly effective way of cleaning up pollution such as those environments contaminated with crude oil, polychlorinated biphenyls, and many other industrial wastes
Bioremediation
44
Biotechnology application
```
o Human hormone insulin
o Human growth factor
o Antiviral substance interferon
o Numerous blood-clotting factors and clot-dissolving enzymes
o Vaccines
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45
Growth of molecular biology
- complete genome sequencing of any organism can be determined and manipulating that DNA in useful ways can be made possible.
46
used a compound microscope to observe fleas, sponges, bird feathers, plants and molds.
Robert Hooke
47
developed a microscope that was able to magnify
| samples greater than 200-fold and observed tiny organisms he called _________
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
| “wee animalcules”.
48
first to carefully examine the world of microbes and
made observations of eukaryotic microorganisms and bacteria
is landmark papers on the cycling of elements in nature were published
Ferdinand Julius Cohn
| Ueber Bakterien in 1872
49
the first to use microscope to describe the fruiting
| structure of molds
Robert Hooke- 1664
50
first to describe microbes in details
Anton van Leuwenhoek- 1673
51
publishes landmark paper on bacteria and the cycling of elements. It is an early classification scheme that uses the name Bacillus.
Ferdinand Julius Cohn- 1872
52
reports the growth of fungal colonies from single spores on gelatin
Oscar Brefeld- 1872
53
grows pigmented bacterial colonies on slices of potato
Joseph Schroeter
54
develops method for staining bacteria, photographing,
| and preparing permanent visual records on slides
Robert Koch -1877
55
in Koch laboratory develop the use of agar as a support medium for solid culture
Angelina Fannie and Walther Hesse- 1882
56
develops a dye system for identifying bacteria
| Gram stain
Hans Christian Gram- 1884
57
When is the first report of the petri plate by Julius R. Petri
1887
58
establishes a quantitative approach for analyzing water
| samples using the most probable number, multiple-tube fermentation test
M.H. McGrady- 1915
59
He realized that asepsis in obstetrical wards could
| prevent transmission of childbirth fever from patient to patient
Ignaz Semmelweis
60
He instituted a policy for all attending physicians to wash their hands with lime, calcium hypochlorite, and calcium chloride between patients.
Ignaz Semmelweis
61
This innovation dropped the mortality rate or mortality from _____
18% to 2.4%
62
He observe the process of converting sugar to alcohol performed by various yeast stains
Louis Pasteur
63
He conclude that wine was turning bad because of a contaminating microbes was generating lactic acid instead of alcohol from the sugar
Louis Pasteur
64
Contamination was solved by heating the wine and killing the contaminant, in which later the process was named ____
“pasteurization”
65
was the first to greatly reduce the number of microorganisms on surgical wounds and incisions by using bandages, treated with phenic acid, a compound that killed microorganism
Joseph Lister-
66
provided a definite proof of the germ theory
Robert Koch- 1876
67
studies a cholera outbreak in London and determines it was caused by contaminated water. His method found the field of epidemiology. (Father of Epidemiology)
Dr. John Snow- 1854
68
discovers the leprosy bacillus (Mycobacterium leprae). Also known as Hansen’s disease in his honor
Gerhard Henrik Armeur Hansen- 1854
69
publishes the first evidence of the filterability of a pathogenic agent, the virus of tobacco mosaic disease
Dmitri Ivanowski- 1892
70
recognizes the unique nature of Ivanowski’s discovery. He coins the term contaguim vivum fluidum- a contagious living fluid.
Martinus Beijerinck- 1899
71
discover foot and mouth disease is caused by filterable agent.
Friederich Loeffler and Paul Frosch- 1899
72
discover bacterial viruses.
Friederich Loeffler and Paul Frosch
73
when is the pandemic of influenza occur before the end of World War 1.
1918
74
discovered slow viruses (also known as prions) are the cause of several disease including mad cow disease
D. Gajdusek- 1957
75
introduced variolation in England 1721.
| Inoculating someone with virus
Lady Mary Wortley Montgue
76
responsible for the creation of a safer method of protection against smallpox.
Edward Jenner 1796-
77
develop attenuation. A technique of weakening a strain and passing to a susceptible host and resulted to creation of vaccine against anthrax, yellow fever, rabies, etc
Louis Pasteur
78
developed salvarsan
Paul Ehrlich 1885
79
the first effective chemotherapeutic agent against Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis
salvarsan
80
Sept.1928, cultured a fungus, a Penicillin mold that could kill bacteria and treat localized infection
Alexander Fleming
81
demonstrate body cells move to damage area
| and consume bacteria and other particles, the process called ____
1884- Ilya IlichMetchnikoff
| phagocytosis.
82
the study of immune system
immunology
83
develop treatment for cholera and demonstrate immunity to administration of a live microbial culture of cholera.
1886- Theobald Smith and D.E. Salmon
84
shows that antibodies are responsible part of immunity
1891- Ehrlich
85
develop effective vaccine against typhoid fever using killed cells of Salmonella thypi.
1897- Almwroth wright and David Sample
86
develops a vaccine against the plague
1897- Waldemar Haffkine
87
a chemically synthesized antimetabolite, to kill streptococcus in mice.
1935- Gerhard J. Domagk uses Protonsil
88
produce an extract of penicillin and show it van kill bacteria in animal
1940- Howard Florey and Ernest Chain
89
describe E. coli that can inactivate penicillin.
1940- Ernest Chain and E.P. Abraham
90
discover actinomycin the first antibiotic obtained from soil organism called actinomycetes
1940- Selman Waksman and H. Boyd Woodruff
91
demonstrate that penicillin is non-toxic to human
| volunteers
1941- Charles Fletcher
92
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suggest the word “antibiotic” to describe the class
compounds produced by microorganism that inhibit or kill another microorganism.
```
1942- Selman Waksman
93
discover streptomycin, a very effective drug against tuberculosis
1944- Albert Schatz, E. Bugie and Selman Waksman
94
age 23 of Somalia, last known victim of naturally
| occuring smallpox.
1977- Ali Maow Maalin,
95
When is the time smallpox is declared to be eliminated
1979
96
discovered transformation in bacteria wherein slime
| layer of bacteria passed from dead smooth cells making them pathogenic again
1928- Fred Griffith
97
established the idea that each gene in the DNA
| typically codes for one protein (the one gene- one enzyme hypothesis)
1943- Beadle and Tatum
98
developed cell-free systems that allowed
| the study of DNA translation in the test tubes and discover the important molecules involved in the process
Mid-to late 1950’s-Paul Zemecnik
99
proposed the existence of transfer RNA (tRNA), a molecule that helps to create amino acid polymers based on nucleic acid sequence
Crick, Sidney Brenner and colleagues
100
discovered translation of genetic material into protein takes place on the ribosome and that the molecule being translated at the ribosome is RNA not DNA.
Brenner, Francois Jacob and Matthew Meselson
101
developed methods to decipher the genetic codes that dictates the correspondence of nucleic acids to amino acids
Marshal Niremberg and J.H. Matthaei
102
the structural and functional unit of life
CELL
103
unicellular organism
amoeba, paramecium, yeast bacteria
104
performs the all-essential functions of life
single cell
105
Study of form, structure, and composition of cell
cytology
106
smallest cell
Mycoplasma
107
largest isolated cell
ostrich egg
108
shape of cell may be
cuboid,
columnar,
polygonal,
thread like or irregular.
109
Prokaryotic cells are represented by
Bacteria,
Blue green algae,
Mycoplasma
110
All prokaryotic cells have cell wall surrounding the cell membrane except in
Mycoplasma
111
Cell organelles like are absent in prokaryotes
Mitochondria, Golgi bodies etc.
112
characteristic of prokaryotes.
mesosome
113
In bacterial cell a chemically complex cell envelope is present, which consist of three layers, these are
outermost is Glycocalyx, middle one cell wall
| inner innermost is the cell membrane
114
Glycocalyx may be as loose sheath in some bacteria
slime layer
115
Glycocalyx may be thick and tough
capsule
116
Plasma membrane is semi-permeable having mesosome in form of
vesicles, tubules and lamellae
117
vesicles, tubules and lamellae help in
cell wall formation, DNA replication and distribution to daughter cells
118
Motile bacterial cell contains flagella, which is composed
filament, hook and basal body
119
help the bacteria in attach with host and other substance
Pili and fimbriae
120
site of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
121
attached with mRNA to form a chain called
polyribosomes.
122
Reserved materials in prokaryotic cells are present in cytoplasm as cell inclusion bodies, which may contain
phosphate, granules, glycogen granules etc
123
found in blue green algae and purple and green photosynthetic bacteria
Gas vacuoles
124
Eukaryotic cells are present in
Protista, plants, Animals and Fungi
125
Eukaryotic cells have genetic materials that are arranged in
chromosomes
126
composed of lipids and that are arranged in bilayer
CELL MEMBRANE
127
A lipid component
| is mainly composed on
phosphoglycerides
128
Membrane protein may be
integral or peripheral
129
remains buried in
| membrane
Integral protein
130
lies of surface
peripheral protein
131
who proposed fluid mosaic model.
Singer and Nicholson (1972)
132
According to this
model the quasi-fluid nature of lipid enables lateral movement of within the bilayer
of lipids
fluid mosaic model
133
tubular scattered structure scattered in the cytoplasm.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
134
bears ribosomes on its surface
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
135
involved in
| protein synthesis and secretion
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
136
does not bear ribosomes on its surface
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
137
involved in lipid synthesis and steroidal hormones
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
138
GOLGI APPARATUS was first observed by
Camillo Golgi in 1898
139
consist
| of many flat, disc-shaped sacs or cisternae staked parallel to each other
GOLGI APPARATUS
140
the site for synthesis of Glycoproteins and glycolipids
GOLGI APPARATUS
141
e membrane bound vesicular structure formed by process of packaging
in the Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
142
rich in hydrolytic enzyme- lipase, protease, carbohydrases active at acidic PH
Lysosomes
143
enzymes are capable of digesting carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
Lysosomes
144
membrane bound space found in cytoplasm water, sap and excretory product bounded by single membrane
VACUOLES
145
They form contractile vacuole and food vacuole in
| many organisms.
VACUOLES
146
double membrane bound structure with the outer membrane and inner membrane dividing its lumen in two compartments
MITOCHONDRIA
147
are sites for aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
148
has highly extended, elaborate nucleoprotein fibers called chromatin nuclear matrix and nucleoli
NUCLEUS
149
Some chromosomes have non-staining secondary contraction at certain location. This gives a small fragment
satellite
