Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards by Eldren Joi Malsi

Study of organisms and agents too small to be seen by the naked eye

Microbiology

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Which is smaller, bacteria or viruses?

Virus

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What is the size of a typical bacterium?

2 microns

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What is the typical size of virus?

0.02-0.4 microns

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Suggested that diseases were caused by “invisible living creatures”

Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro

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Made the earliest observations on bees and weevils using a microscope supplied by Galileo

Francesco Stelluti

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The first book devoted to microscopic observations

Micrographia (1665)

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Reported to the world that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes” or “cells”

Robert Hooke

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Theory that states that all living things are composed of cells

Cell Theory

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Considered as the “first true microbiologist”

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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Father of Bacteriology, Microbiology, and Protozoology

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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Tiny living and moving cells that Leeuwenhoek saw through his simple, single-lens microscope

Animalcules

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Thought that organic matter contained a vital force that could confer life on non-living matter

Spontaneous generation (Abiogenesis)

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Living cells can rise ONLY from pre-existing living cells

Biogenesis Theory

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Mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from Spontaneous Generation

Aristotle

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Demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat

Francesco Redi

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The proponent of spontaneous generation

John Needham

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Improved Needham’s experiment

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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Showed the importance of oxygen to life

Anton Laurent Lavoisier

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Challenged the case of spontaneous generation with the concept of Biogenesis: living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells

Rudolf Virchow

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Observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained a nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through a heated tube

Theodor Schwann

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Notice that no growth occurred after allowing the air to pass through sterile cotton wool placed on a heat-sterilized medium flask.

Heinrich Schroder and Theodore von Dusch

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Father of modern microbiology

Louis Pasteur

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Techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms, which are now the standard practice in laboratory and many medical procedures

Aseptic Techniques

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Showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth

John Tyndall

Form of sterilization that uses moist heat for three consecutive days

Tyndallization

What is the use of Tyndallization?

To eradicate vegetative cells and endospores

Discovered that there are bacteria that could withstand a series of heating and boiling

Ferdinand Cohn

Heat resistant structure of bacteria

Endospores

Aerobic heat resistant bacteria

Bacillus

Anaerobic heat resistant bacteria

Clostridium

Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?

Pasteur

When was the rabies vaccine developed?

1885

When was the anthrax vaccine developed?

1881

Causative agent of rabies

Rhabdovirus

Causative agent of anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

Who developed rabies and anthrax vaccine?

Pasteur

What to use when hands are visibly contaminated?

Antibacterial soap and water

What to use when hands are not visibly contaminated?

Alcohol

Culture of avirulent microorganism for preventive inoculation

Vaccine

Components of anti-toxin

Antibodies

Components of vaccine

Antigen / weakened, attenuated, and dead microorganisms

Enrichment media for N. gonorrhea

Thayer Martin Agar

Enrichment media for gram + bacteria

Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol Agar

Causative agent of Syphilis

Treponema pallidum

What are the spirochetes

Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema (BLT)

Acellular microorganism with nucleic acid but no protein coat

Viroids

Acellular microorganism with protein coat but no nucleic acid

Prions

Acellular microorganisms with nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) and protein coat

Virus

Prokaryotic microorganisms

Archaea, Bacteria, and Cyanobacteria

Eukaryotic microorganisms

Fungi, Algae, and Protozoa

Largest bacteria

Bacillus anthracis

Smallest bacteria

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Only bacteria without cell wall

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Shape of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Pleiomorphic (vary in shape)

Smallest pathogenic bacilli

Haemophilus ducreyi

Disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi

Chancroid

Manifestation of syphilis

Chancre

Rod shaped organisms

Bacilli

Spherical / round organisms

Cocci

Bacilli with tapered pointed ends

Fusiform

Vary in shape

Pleiomorphic

Spiral shaped organisms

Spirochetes

Unique appearance of N. gonorrheae

Pairs / diplococci

Shape of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Oral, bullet, lancet shaped

Bacteria in chain like arrangement

Streptococcus

Bacteria in grape-like clusters

Staphylococcus

Group of four / tetrads

Peptococcus

Packets of eight / cuboidal

Sarcinae

Palisades / Chinese character appearance

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol

Theodor Schwann

Found that microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air: FERMENTATION

Louis Pasteur

Process of heating the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage

PASTEURIZATION

He stated that souring and spoilage are caused by different microorganisms called bacteria

Louis Pasteur

He proved that a fungus caused another silkworm disease

Agostino Bassi

He demonstrated that routine handwashing could prevent the spread of disease

Ignaz Semmelweis

Father of Antiseptic Surgery

Joseph Lister

Solution used by Joseph Lister for treating surgical wounds

Phenol solution

Pioneered in promoting among surgeon’s handwashing before and after an operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilization of surgical instruments

Joseph Lister

First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause disease

Robert Koch

Discovered Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Robert Koch

First to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extracts, and protein

Robert Koch

Suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media

Fanny Hesse

Developed petri dish

Julius Richard Petri

Developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media

Martins Beijerink and Sergei Winogradsky

Introduced the concept of vaccination

Edward Jenner

WHO declared smallpox as officially eradicated in:

1979

He developed the vaccine for smallpox

Edward Jenner

Prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into a healthy host, the latter remains protected and healthy against the virulent agent

Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Emile Roux

Created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur

Charles Chamberland

He prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus

Emil von Behring

Antitoxins for diphtheria

First to describe the immune system cells and the process of phagocytosis

Elie Metchnikoff

Treatment of disease by using chemical substances

Chemotherapy

Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms

Antibiotics

Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

Synthetic drugs

Chemotherapeutic agent developed by Paul Ehrlich

Salvarsan (Arsphenamine)

Discovered streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics

Selman Waksman

Father of Antibiotics

Selman Waksman

Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered:

Penicillin

Made the purification process for Penicillin and clinical trials to humans

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

First to propose the correct biochemical structure of Penicillin

Edward Abraham

Magnification of Leeuwenhoek’s simple, single-lens microscope

50x to 300x

The most common method used both for the detection of microorganisms directly in clinical specimens and for the characterization of organisms grown in culture.

Microscopy

Microscope used for observing non viable, stained preparations

Brightfield Microscope

Microscope used to readily observe living specimens

Darkfield Microscope

Microscope that allows us to observe microorganisms in an unstained state

Phase Contrast Microscope

Microscope used to visualize specimens that are chemically tagged with a fluorescent dye

Fluorescent Microscope

This microscope is used primarily to detect antigen–antibody reactions

Fluorescent Microscope

Microscope that makes internal cellular structure visible

Transmission Electron Microscope

Microscope used for visualizing surface characteristics rather than intracellular structures

Scanning Electron Microscope

Enlargement of the specimen

Magnification

Magnification of scanner objective lens

Magnification of low power objective lens

10x

Magnification of high power objective lens

40x

Magnification of oil immersion objective lens

100x

It is how far apart two adjacent objects must be before a given lens shows them as discrete entities

Resolving power or resolution

Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards

(117 cards)