Introduction to Microbiology

Question 1

What is microbiology?

Answer 1

The study of living things too small to be seen without magnification

Question 2

What are microorganisms/microbes?

Answer 2

microscopic organisms that can cause disease or be useful for human life

Question 3

What are examples of microbes?

Answer 3

bacteria, archaea, viruses, algae

Question 4

What are the pros and cons of microorganisms and agriculture

Answer 4

Positive impacts: nitrogen-fixing bacteria. cellulose-degrading microbes in the rumen, and regeneration of nutrients in soil and water
Negative impacts: Diseases in plants and animals

Question 5

What are the pros of microorganisms and human’s GI tract

Answer 5

Pros: in GI tract, synthesize vitamins and other nutrients, compete with pathogens for space and resources

Question 6

What are the pros and cons of microorganisms and food

Answer 6

Pros: microbial transformations (fermentations) create dairy products like cheeses and yogurts as well as pickles, beer, and leavened breads
Cons: Microorganisms can cause food spoilage, causing methods of preservations of food to be required

Question 7

How does fermented food work?
(glucose)

Answer 7

Glucose with 2 lactic acid makes yogurt
Glucose with 2 ethanol and 2 CO2 makes beer

Question 8

What are other roles that microbes play in energy and the environment?

Answer 8

in the production of biofuels like methane and ethanol
cleaning up pollutants (bioremediation)

Question 9

Ethanol as Biofuel

Answer 9

Cellulose and cornstarch makes glucose, and through fermentation, ethanol is created

Question 10

What is the relationship between microorganisms and their genetic resources?

Answer 10

Exploitation of microbes for production of antibiotics, enzymes, and various chemicals
genetic engineering of microbes to generate products of value to humans, such as insulin (biotechnology)

Question 11

What is the study of bacteriology about?

Answer 11

bacteria

Question 12

What is the study of virology about?

Answer 12

viruses

Question 13

What is the study of phycology about?

Answer 13

algae

Question 14

What is the study of mycology about?

Answer 14

Fungi, Mold, and Yeast

Question 15

What is the study of protozoology about?

Answer 15

Protozoan

Question 16

What is the study of parasitology about?

Answer 16

parasites

Question 17

What is the study of immunology about?

Answer 17

the immune system

Question 18

What is Microbial Cytology?

Answer 18

microscopic and submicroscopic detail

Question 19

What is Microbial Systematics?

Answer 19

grouping and classifying microorganisms

Question 20

What is Microbial Physiology?

Answer 20

microbial metabolism and growth

Question 21

What is Molecular Microbiology?

Answer 21

Genomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics

Question 22

What is Microbial Ecology?

Answer 22

relationship between microorganisms and environment

Question 23

What are a list of applied microbiology?

Answer 23

medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental, industrial, food, biotechnology

Question 24

Who was the first to describe microbes?

Answer 24

Robert Hooke

Question 25

Who was the first to describe bacteria?

Answer 25

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 26

Who was the first to discover resolution?

Answer 26

Ernest Abbe

Question 27

Who was the first to vital stain?

Answer 27

Paul Ehrlich

Question 28

Who was the first to discover differential stain?

Answer 28

Hans Christian Gram

Question 29

What was the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?

Answer 29

theory that life could arise from non-living matter

Question 30

Who disproved the Theory of Spontaneous Generation and how?

Answer 30

Francesco Redi and his flies with meat experiment

Question 31

What did Louis Pasteur do?

Answer 31

sterilization and aseptic technique. pasteurization of food, swan neck flask, vaccination, microbes killing other microbes

Question 32

What did the Swan Neck Flask experiment show?

Answer 32

After sterilizing liquid by heating it, the microbes are stuck in the neck and the liquid is free of microbes until it is in contact with the liquid

Question 33

Who introduced the germ theory of disease?

Answer 33

Robert Koch

Question 34

What is the germ theory of disease?

Answer 34

utilized rats in this experiment a pathogen from a diseased animal should be able to reproduce the same effects on a healthy animal

Question 35

Who was famous for their phenol and water antiseptic technique?

Answer 35

Joseph Lister

Question 36

Who was famous for treating syphilis with arsenicals?

Answer 36

Paul Ehrlich

Question 37

Who was famous for creating penicillin?

Answer 37

Alexander Fleming

Question 38

Who was famous for streptomycin, the first antibiotic for TB?

Answer 38

Selman Waxman

Question 39

Who made the one gene, one enzyme theory, and what was it about?

Answer 39

Beadle and Tatum each gene encodes for a single enzyme

Question 40

What is the difference between complete and minimum medium?

Answer 40

complete medium allows for all microbes to grow, minimum medium only allows for the un-mutated microbe to grow, basis of one gene, one enzyme theory

Question 41

Who was famous for the transformation of Streptococcus pneumonia?

Answer 41

Fred Griffith

Question 42

Who were famous for the discovery of bacteria being transformed by DNA?

Answer 42

Avery MacCloud and McCarty

Question 43

Who were famous for finding the chemical structure of DNA

Answer 43

Watson and Crick

Question 44

What did the Griffith Experiment prove?

Answer 44

bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process called transformation can make a harmless strain of bacteria into a deadly on by exposing it to a heat-killed strain with a capsule

Question 45

How were rapid advances in genetics occuring?

Answer 45

Microorganisms make a good model system