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Human Body & Microbial Science > Introduction to microorganisms and infection > Flashcards

Introduction to microorganisms and infection Flashcards

1
Q

List in order the 6 stages of the chain of infection

A

Infectious Agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

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2
Q

List 4 major reservoirs of diseases that infect humans

A

Humans, animals, soil and water

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3
Q

Diseases that are transmitted from animals are called?

A

Zoonoses

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4
Q

What is a portal of exit?

A

How an infectious microorganism leaves the reservoir/human body

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5
Q

List three human portals of exit?

A

Respiratory, digestive system, skin and blood.

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6
Q

What are the main modes of transmission of disease?

A

Contact
Common Vehicle
Vector

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7
Q

What is contact transmission?

A

Direct, indirect, and or droplets

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8
Q

What is common vehicle transmission?

A

Via air, water and food

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9
Q

What is vector transmission?

A

mechanical, biological

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10
Q

What is direct contact in the mode of transmission?

A

Close or intimate contact between the infected host and susceptible individual

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11
Q

What is an indirect contact in the mode of transmission?

A

microbes transferred from one host to another via a non-living object eg door handle

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12
Q

In the category of contract transmission, what is a droplet transmission?

A

Where droplets falling less than one metre, (sneezing, speaking etc) can spread droplets from the upper respiratory tract.

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13
Q

In a virus what surrounds the DNZ/RNA?

A

Capsid

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14
Q

Do all viruses have a membrane-like envelop that surrounds the capsid?

A

NO

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15
Q

What does obligate intracellular parasite mean?

A

A virus needs a host in order to replicate.

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16
Q

List the 5 steps of viral replication

A 
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
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17
Q

Name two examples of common viral infections

A

Common cold, Measles, Mumps

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18
Q

What is a fomite?

A

An inanimate object like a door handle can be a vehicle for the transmission of an infectious agent.

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19
Q

A fomite is (in the chain of transmission)?

A

An indirect contact transmission

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20
Q

Common vehicle transmissions (airborne) must be able to survive what sort of conditions?

A

tolerate dry conditions, outside host

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21
Q

Examples of diseases transmitted via airborne common vehicle transmission?

A

Measles and chickenpox.

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22
Q

Common vehicle transmission - airborne, organisms must be carried in air current for more than….. …..

A

one metre otherwise is it a droplets contact transmission. (if less than one metre)

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23
Q

Common vehicle transmission via waterborne transmission occurs…….

A

when there is faecal contamination of the water used for drinking and bathing

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24
Q

Common vehicle transmission via foodborne transmission occurs ……

A

when organisms are introduced by poor hygiene, lack of sanitation and or poor food handling. Contaminated food and water.

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25
Q

Vector transmission of infection occurs via two different modes…

A

Mechanical and Biological

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26
Q

Vector transmission of infection via mechanical is …..

A

transport of microorganisms on the outside of an insects body (eg flies feet)

27
Q

Vector transmission of infection via biological is…..

A

an insect vector bites a host, ingests blood containing microorganisms then infects another host, also some microorganisms require the host and the vector to complete its life cycle ….malaria parasite.

28
Q

List in order the 6 stages of infection?

A

Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

29
Q

List 3 major reservoirs of diseases that infect humans

A

Humans, animals, soil and water (environmental)

30
Q

Diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans are called?

A

Zoonoses

31
Q

What is a portal of exit?

A

How an infectious microorganism leaves the reservoir / human body.

32
Q

List 3 human portals of exit

A

Respiratory system, digestive system, skin and blood, reproductive system

33
Q

Name the 3 main modes of disease transmission?

A

Contact (direct, indirect, droplets), Common Vehicle (via air water and food) and Vector (mechanical and biological)

34
Q

List 5 strategies to prevent disease transmission?

A 
SHIIT 
Sanitation
Hygiene
Immunisation
Isolation
Treatment
35
Q

What does sanitation mean?

A

The provision of clean and or treated water, refuse collection and disposal including sewage treatment.

36
Q

What is the portal of entry

A

How an infectious microorganism gains entry into a new host

37
Q

List 3 ways standard precautions are being used to break the chain of infection for COVID

A

Face masks, PPE, Hand washing, Isolation

38
Q

State different populations which may be susceptible hosts?

A

Young, aged or elderly, chronically ill, sick or immunocompromised, People who have chemotherapy or high doses of steroids. People with open wounds.

39
Q

How could we protect susceptible hosts?

A

Ensure effective use of Standard Precautions, treat their underlying disease/condition. Ensure they have appropriate nutrition, vaccination.

40
Q

Describe the advantages and limitations of antibiotics over other anti-microbial drugs?

A

an antimicrobial agent is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

41
Q

What are examples of microbial agents?

A

Disinfectants are antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects or outside the body.
Antimicrobial drugs are agents which act on microbes that infect the body.

42
Q

What two things do microbial drugs do?

A

They either kill microbes or prevent the growth of microbes.

43
Q

List three categories of antimicrobial drugs?

A

Antibiotics
Chemically synthesised antimicrobials
Semi-synthetic drugs

44
Q

What are antibiotics

A

A substance produced by a microorganism that in small amounts inhibits another microorganism.

45
Q

What are chemically synthesised antimicrobials?

A

Made in a lab

46
Q

What are semi-synthetic drugs?

A

made by a microorganism, but modified in a lab.

47
Q

The advantage of antibiotics over other antimicrobial agents is their………..

A

selective toxicity.

48
Q

Antibiotics target the ……. cells of bacteria leaving human ……..cells alone.

A

prokaryote, eukaryote

49
Q

The limitations of antibiotic drugs are:

A

Not effective on viruses.
Can kill good bacteria (normal flora)
There are few which are effective against fungal or protozoan infections.

50
Q

The more antibiotics are used, the more likely they will come…

A

resistant

51
Q

To reduce the problem of resistance we need to…

A

Limit the use of antibiotics, finish the prescribed course of treatment.

52
Q

List three groups of people who might be susceptible hosts

A

Elderly, Chronically ill, Young Children, People with open wounds/burns

53
Q

List three things that could be done to help protect a susceptible host from potential infection?

A

Stand precautions, treat underlying conditions, vaccination, nutrition and lifestyle

54
Q

Antibiotics are most effective against which type of microorganism?

A

Bacteria

55
Q

Why do antibiotics not harm human cells?

A

Antibiotics target prokaryote cells and humans have eukaryote cells.

56
Q

List three reservoirs of infectious diseases?

A

Animals, Humans, and the environment (soil and water)

57
Q

Name the three main modes of disease transmission?

A

Contact (direct, indirect, droplets), Common Vehicle (via air, water, food) and vector (mechanical and biological)

58
Q

Common Vehicle mode is droplets more than

A

a metre

59
Q

List 5 strategies to prevent disease transmission?

A

Sanitation, hygiene practices, immunisation, isolation, treatment. S.H.I.I.T.

60
Q

Name two different groups of cells

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

61
Q

Viruses are not Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes as they are

A

Acellular, they are another separate category. They don’t meet the criteria of a living cell.

62
Q

List 3 ways protozoa can move

A

Flagella, cilia, pseudopodia (or through a vector eg mosquito)

63
Q

List five steps for virus replication

A

Attachment, entry, replication, assembly, release

An energic rabbit acts randy A.E.R.A.R.

Human Body & Microbial Science (6 decks)

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