Introduction to MSK/ Movement

Question 1

Name the 2 Joints of the Skull

Answer 1

Question 2

Name the 8 Joints of the trunk

Answer 2

Question 3

Name the 9 joints of the trunk

Answer 3

Question 3

Name the 7 joints of the upper limbs

Answer 3

Question 4

Name the 12 joints of the lower limbs/ pelvis

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the 3 classifications of Joints?

Answer 5

Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous

Question 6

What is the Joint relationship between mobility and stability

Answer 6

Increased mobility = decrease stability

Question 7

Features of a fibrous joint

Answer 7

• Generally limited mobility
• quite stable
• 3 types: Syndesmoses, Sutures, Fontanelles

Question 8

What is a Syndesmoses?

Fibrous Joints

Answer 8

unites bones with a fibrous sheet

Question 9

What is a Suture?

Fibrous Joints

Answer 9

between bones of skull

Question 10

What is a Fontanelles?

Fibrous Joints

Answer 10

• wide sutures in neonatal skull
• allow the growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones to ‘slide’ over each other
• make’s the baby’s head smaller for passage through the birth canal moulding

Question 11

Features of Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 11

• Fairly limited mobility
• relatively stable
• 2 types: primary, secondary

Question 12

2 features of Primary Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 12

• Synchondroses
• Bones joined by hyaline cartilage

Question 13

5 features of Secondary Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 13

• symphyses
• strong
• slightly movable
• fibrocartilage
• e.g. intervertebral discs

Question 14

How does the Vertebre move?

Answer 14

each disc allows small amounts of movement in all directions
- added together to produce considerable movement

Question 15

Name 7 features of Synovial Joints:

Answer 15

1. 2 or more bones articulating with each other
2. articular surfaces are covered in hyaline ‘articular’ cartilage
3. a capsule wraps around the joint
4. contains a joint cavity contains synovial fluid (cushions, nourishes and lubricates)
5. supported by ligaments
6. associated with skeletal muscles and their tendons
7. associated with bursae -(prevent friction around joint) (extensions of joint cavity or closed sacs separate from the joint cavity)

Question 16

Name the 5 subtypes of Synovial Joints

Answer 16

1. Pivot
2. Ball & Socket
3. Plane
4. Hinge
5. Biaxial

Question 17

Describe a Pivot joint

Answer 17

• > 45 degrees of rotation (shaking head)

Question 18

Describe a Ball & Socket joint

Answer 18

good ranges of multi-axial movement (e.g. circumduction)

Question 19

Describe a Plane joint

Answer 19

minimal movement in one plane

Question 20

Describe a hinge joint

Answer 20

reasonable range of movement in one plane

Question 21

Describe a biaxial joint

Answer 21

reasonable range of movement in one plane and less in another

Question 22

name 4 General features of joints

Answer 22

excellent:
- sensory nerve supply
- blood supply -(periarticular arterial anastomoses are common)
- Arteries supplying joints can be damaged by dislocations
- Shape of articular surface determines possible movement

Question 23

Describe ligament Injury, Subluxation, Dislocation:

Answer 23

• Ligament injury/slipped disc but articular surfaces still in normal anatomical relationship to each other
• Subluxation - reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
• Dislocation - complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

Question 24

Where is skeletal muscle found?

Answer 24

* deep to deep fascia * Covered in tough fibrous connective tissue

Question 25

How is skeletal muscle named? | 5 conditions

Answer 25

* shape – Latin/Greek name * location – body region * size – relative size e.g. major / minor * main bony attachment * main action/movement

Question 26

How is skeletal muscle attatch and contract?

Answer 26

* usually at least 2 points of attachment to bone: - origin’ (usually most proximal part) - ‘insertion’ on the other side * Function of skeletal muscle is to move attachments closer together during contraction - During contraction, muscle fibres shorten along the long axis between the attachments

Question 27

What is a tendon?

Answer 27

* Attach muscle (usually) to bone * found at either end of muscle * non-contractile

Question 28

What is an Aponeurosis?

Answer 28

- Flattened tendon - Most commonly associated with flat muscles - Attach muscle to soft tissue

Question 29

How can skeletal muscle be clinically examined?

Answer 29

* Testing ability to move and power of movement * Testing muscle itself and the nerve(s) supplying it * *Can be carried out by asking patient to make movements* * *Or by testing reflexes*

Question 30

What are muscle reflexes?

Answer 30

* Protective & Automatic * Stretch reflex or Flexion withdrawal reflex

Question 31

What is a Deep tendon reflex?

Answer 31

- Biceps, triceps, knee and ankle jerk reflexes - Tendon hammer applies brief stretch to muscle via its tendon → stretch reflex (if normal) - Normal reflex response is to contract - Contraction results in brief twitch of muscle belly or a movement in the normal direction - reflexes are protective against overstretching

Question 32

Describe the reflex arc of stretch reflex

Answer 32

1. Sensory nerve (muscle) detects stretch and tells spinal cord 2. Motor nerve from spinal cord passes message to contract 3. Neuromuscular junction - synapse where motor nerve communicates with skeletal muscle

Question 33

A normal stretch reflex indicates that what are functioning normally?

Answer 33

the muscle its sensory nerve fibres its motor nerve fibres the spinal cord connections between the two the neuromuscular junction “descending controls” from the brain

Question 34

Definition of Paralysis

Answer 34

- a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply - can’t contract - muscle would have reduced tone on examination

Question 35

Definition of Spasticity

Answer 35

-muscle has intact and functioning motor nerve but the descending controls from the brain aren’t working -on examination muscle has increased tone.

Question 36

Defintion of Muscle Atrophy

Answer 36

* 'wasting’ of the muscles * develops through inactivity * muscle cells (myocytes) become smaller

Question 37

Definition of Hypertrophy

Answer 37

* opposite to atrophy * skeletal muscles enlarge * each individual myocyte enlarges