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Exam 2 physiology > Introduction to nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of function of the Nervous system is this?

_______-monitoring stimuli occurring inside and outside the body.

A

Sensory Input

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2
Q

What type of function of the Nervous system is this?

_______-processing of sensory input and formulation of motor commands.

A

Integration

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3
Q

What type of function of the Nervous system is this?

_______-response to stimuli by activating effector organs.

A

Motor output

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4
Q

What type of the organization of the Nervous system is this?

______-brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous System (CNS)

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5
Q

What type of the organization of the Nervous system is this?
_____-all nervous tissue outside CNS

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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6
Q

_______- Rapid predictable responses to specific stimulus.

A

Reflexes

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7
Q

What Components of a reflex is this?

_____-detects stimulus

A

Receptor

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8
Q

What Components of a reflex is this?

______-relays info to CNS

A

Sensory neuron

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9
Q

What Components of a reflex is this?
______-region of the CNS that processes sensory information and sends motor
commands.

A

Integration center

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10
Q

What Components of a reflex is this?

______-carries motor commands away from the CNS to the effector

A

Efferent neuron

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11
Q

What Components of a reflex is this?
______-muscle or gland that responds to motor commands by producing the
response.

A

Effector

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12
Q

What division of the PNS?

_______-carry info from receptors to the CNS

A

Afferent (sensory) division

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13
Q

What division of the PNS?

______-carries impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints

A

Somatic afferent fibers

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14
Q

What division of the PNS?

______-carries impulses from organs within ventral body cavities

A

Visceral afferent fibers

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15
Q

What division of the PNS?

______-carries impulses from nose, eye, tongue, and ear.

A

Special sensory afferent fibers

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16
Q

What division of the PNS?
______-motor neurons carry commands away from CNS to
effectors

A

Efferent ( motor) division

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17
Q

Division of PNS but categorized by what effectors is controlled:

________-control voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

A

Somatic efferent fibers

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18
Q

Division of PNS but categorized by what effectors is controlled:

_______-control involuntary cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

A

Autonomic efferent fibers

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19
Q

Division of PNS Further subdivided into two divisions by the location they emerge from the CNS and function:

_______-travels through thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves and produces
the fight or flight responses to mobilize energy reserves and prepare for activity to deal with stress

A

Sympathetic division

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20
Q

Division of PNS Further subdivided into two divisions by the location they emerge from the CNS and function:

______-travels through cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerve and
produces the rest and digest maintenance responses to store and conserve energy.

A

Parasympathetic division

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21
Q

What structure of a typical neuron is this?

______- (cell body or perikaryon) - contains nucleus and organelles

A

Soma

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22
Q

What structure of a typical neuron is this?

_____-branching extensions that contain receptors to detect neurotransmitters from
other neurons

A

Dentrites

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23
Q

What structure of a typical neuron is this?

_______-where cell body tapers into the axon, site where the action
potential originates.

A

Axon hillock

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24
Q

What structure of a typical neuron is this?

______-single long process, transmits action potential away from soma

A

Axon

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25
Q

What structure of a typical neuron is this?

______-plasma membrane of an axon

A

Axolemma

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26
Q

What structure of a typical neuron is this?

______-insulation formed by glial cells wrapping around the axon

  • Nodes of Ranvier
  • Internodes
A

Myelin sheath

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27
Q

In Myelin sheath what is it?

________-gaps in the myelin sheath

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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28
Q

In Myelin sheath what is it?

________-segments of myelin

A

Internodes

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29
Q

What structure of a typical neuron is this?
_______-enlarged distal ends of an axon that contain secretory vesicles
filled with neurotransmitters (synaptic vesicles).

A

Axon terminals

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30
Q

What type of Functional classification of neurons is this?

______-carry sensory information from sensory receptors to CNS.

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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31
Q

What type of Functional classification of neurons is this?

______-(association) between sensory and motor neurons, only in CNS.

A

Interneurons

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32
Q

What type of Functional classification of neurons is this?

____-carry commands from CNS to effector organs

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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33
Q

What structural classification of neurons is this?

_______-multiple processes branching off the cell body, numerous dendrites and one
axon

A

Multipolar neurons

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34
Q

What structural classification of neurons is this?

_____-appear to have one extension off the cell body. This extension branches
forming a long axon with dendrites on one end and axon terminals on the opposite end.
 Most sensory neurons of the PNS

A

pseudounipolar neuron

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35
Q

What structural classification of neurons is this?

______-two extensions from cell body, one dendrite & one axon. Found in special
sense organs.

A

Bipolar neuron

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36
Q

What are some examples of bipolar neuron?

A

Afferent neurons in the pathways for the special senses vision, hearing, and smell.
Bipolar cells of the retina receive visual information from photoreceptors. Bipolar cells of the
spiral ganglion in the cochlea receive auditory information from auditory hair cells.

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37
Q

What are some examples of pseudounipolar neuron?

A

Most sensory neurons of the PNS

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38
Q

_____-cells that surround and support neurons

A

Neuroglia (glia)-

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39
Q

Types of neuroglial cells of the CNS:
Mneumonic device

All
Of
My
Elephants

A

Astrocytes cells
Oligodendrocytes cells
Microglia cells
ependymal cells

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40
Q

Astrocytes cells

_____- Anchor neurons to surrounding tissues

A

Provide structural support

41
Q

Astrocytes cells

_____- Feet wrap around capillaries and controls uptake of selected materials from the blood.

A

Maintain blood brain barrier

42
Q

Astrocytes cells

_____- Recaptures released neurotransmitters and leaked ions.

A

Adjust interstitial environment

43
Q

Astrocytes cells

_____- Directs growth of neurons and synapse formation.

A

Guides neuron development

44
Q

What type of neuroglial cells of the CNS is this?
_____- wrap cytoplasmic processes around the axons of neurons
*Forms a white fatty insulation material called a myelin sheat

A

Oligodendrocytes cells

45
Q

What type of neuroglial cells of the CNS is this?
_______- oval cells with long thorny processes
*Removes cellular debris and pathogens

A

Microglia cells

46
Q

What type of neuroglial cells of the CNS is this?
_____- Ciliated cells, line cambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid
*Monitor and maiintain the composition o CSF
*Assit in the circulation of CSF

A

Ependymal cells

47
Q

Types of Neuroglial cells in the PNS;

A

Schwann cells and

Satellite cells

48
Q

What type of neuroglial cells in the PNS is this? in nerves
_____- Surrounds and protects axons in the PNS
*Forms myelin sheath around some axon of PNS
* ____- an outer layer that contains Schwann cell cytoplasm.

A

Schwann cells

  • Neurilemma
49
Q

What type of neuroglial cells in the PNS is this?

_____- Surrounds cell bodies of neurons a. Isolates the cell body and regulates the exchange of nutrients and waste.

A

Satellite cells

50
Q

The first step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system
_____- separation of charge across the plasma membrane measured in volts.

A

Membrane potential

51
Q

The second step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system
________- Membrane potential at rest when the cell is not receiving information in the form of graded potential or sending out information as an action potential. Resting potential is typically around -70 mV.

A

Resting membrane potential

52
Q

The Third step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system
_______- higher {Na+} outside cell higher {k+} inside cel

A

Chemical gradients

53
Q

The fourth step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system
______- The membrane potential becomes less negative
*When neurons are stimulated Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the cells.

A

Depolarization

54
Q

The fifth step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system
______- a localized change in membrane potential that is short-lived and dissipates as it travels.
*Can be stimulated by neurotransmitter binding to ligand-gated channels, mechanical stress, or temperature change.

A

Graded potential

55
Q

The six-step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system
______- Electrical impulse producing a brief reversal of the membrane potential that travels down the entire length of the axon from the axon hillock to the axon terminals.
*Rising (depolarization) phase of the action potential
*Falling (Repolarization) phase of the action potential

A

Action potential

56
Q

Action potential
________; Na+ rushes in through volatage gated Na+ channels
*Threshold potential: V-gate Na+ channels open at membrane potential of -55 mV

A

Rising (depolarization) phase of the action potential.

57
Q

Action potential

______: K+ rushes out through voltage gate K+ channels

A

Falling ( Repolarization) phase of the action potential

58
Q

What is the function of the synapse?

_____- the junction between two neurons or a neuron and muscles

A

Synapse

59
Q

What are the structure and functions of the synapse?
______- transmits impulse towards the synapse.
* ______ of the presynaptic neuron release neurotransmitters

A

Presynaptic neuron

*Axon terminals

60
Q

What type of structure and functions of the synapse?

______- Fluid-filled space where neurotransmitter is released

A

Synaptic cleft

61
Q

What type of structure and functions of the synapse?

______- receives information from the presynaptic neurons.

A

Postsynaptic cell ( neuron, muscle, gland, ect)

62
Q

_______-energy stored in
separation of positive & negative charges. Measured in units called volts (or millivolts, 1 V = 1000 mV)
 Electromotive

A

Voltage (abbreviated V also known as Electric Potential Difference)

63
Q

In Voltage (abbreviated V also known as Electric Potential Difference)

______-drives movement of charged particles resulting from voltage.

A

Electromotive force

64
Q

_______-separation of charges across the plasma membrane.
Equilibrium potential for an ion (Veq)- value of the membrane potential when there is no net flow of
that ion in or out of the cell. When electromotive force is equal and opposite to the force of diffusion.
 Can be calculated with the Nernst equation: Veq = (RT/zF) ln([ion]out/[ion]in)
R=8.314, T= Temperature in Kelvin, z= the charge of the ion, F=96,485

A

Membrane potential (Vm)

65
Q

[ion]out = concentration of the ion in the __________ fluid

o [K]out4 mM, [Na]out145 mM, [Cl]out120 mM

A

extracellular

66
Q

[ion]in = concentration of the ion in the _______ of the cell
o [K]in155 mM, [Na]in12 mM, [Cl]in4 mM

A

cytosol

67
Q

Equilibrium potential for potassium (EK)  46)____________mV
o The concentration gradient for K+ tends to move K+ out of the cell.
o Membrane potential becomes more negative as K+ moves out.
o Resulting electromotive force moves K+ into the cell.

A

-90 mV

68
Q

Equilibrium potential for sodium (ENa)  47)______________mV
o The concentration gradient for Na+ tends to move Na+ into the cell.
o Membrane potential becomes more positive as Na+ moves in.
o Resulting electromotive force tends to move Na+ out of the cell.

A

+60 mV

69
Q

________-value of the membrane potential in a cell at rest

A

Resting Membrane Potential

70
Q

In a typical neuron at rest Vm  48)________________mV.

A
  • 70 mV
71
Q

_______-In a typical neuron at rest Vm  48)________________mV.
 Results from separation of ions, most significantly sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+).
 Influenced by the relative permeability of the membrane to each ion.
 Can be calculated with the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) equation:
Vm = (RT/F) ln((pk[K]out + pNa[Na]out)/(pk[K]in + pNa[Na]in))
pion= permeability of the membrane to that ion
pk = permeability to potassium = 1
pNa = permeability to sodium  0.05
 In a neuron at rest pk is much greater (at least 20 times) than pNa so the resting membrane
potential (-70mV) is much closer to EK (-90mV) than ENa (+60mV)
 Open or closing of ion channels affects permeability of the membrane.

A

Resting Membrane potential

72
Q

What type of Ion channel is this? Found in the Neurons.
______-chemically gated, open when
neurotransmitters bind. Found on dendrites, cell bodies, and axon hillocks

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

73
Q

What type of Ion channel is this? Found in the Neurons.
_____-open or close in response to changes in
membrane potential. Found along axon.

A

Voltage (V)-gated channels

74
Q

What type of Ion channel is this? Found in the Neurons.

_______-always open, non-gated, found everywhere

A

Ion Leak channels

75
Q

_______-the membrane potential becomes less negative

A

Depolarization

76
Q

_______-the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential.

A

Repolarization

77
Q

______-membrane potential becomes more negative than resting potential

A

Hyperpolarization

78
Q

_______-a localized change in membrane potential
 Short lived and dissipates as it travels (decremental spread).
 Can be stimulated by neurotransmitters binding to ligand gated channels.
 If the stimulus is excitatory it will cause depolarization of the membrane.

A

Graded Potential

79
Q

________-postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) – binding of neurotransmitter
opens ligand-gated Na+ channels and causes depolarization.
 Membrane potential becomes less negative and closer to reaching threshold potential therefore
closer to firing an action potential.

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

80
Q

_______-postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) – binding of neurotransmitters
cause hyperpolarization of the membrane therefore moving away from threshold and reducing the ability
to initiate an action potential.
 Can be caused by ligand-gated K+ or Cl- channels opening
 K+ rushes out or Cl- rushes in, both causing the inside to become more negative.

A

Inhibitory Postsynatic potentials (IPSP)

81
Q

_______-at most synapses a single EPSP cannot induce an action potential but they can be
summed. If the axon hillock reaches threshold an action potential is triggered.

A

Summation

82
Q

_____-summation – a presynaptic neuron increases the frequency of
impulses leading to repeated graded potentials in quick succession that overlap.

A

Temporal summation

83
Q

_______summation – postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by multiple
presynaptic neurons at the same time generating multiple graded potentials simultaneously that
overlap.

*While summation of EPSPs leads to stronger depolarization, IPSPs and EPSPs can also overlap
and cancel each other out.

A

Spatial summation

84
Q

______-potential = -55mV the critical level the membrane potential must reach
to open V-gated channels on the axon to produce an action potential.
 Graded potentials initiate action potentials if threshold potential is reached at the axon hillock.

A

Threshold pontential open at -55 mV

85
Q

________-brief reversal of the membrane potential that spreads
nondecrementally down the axon.
 Wave of depolarization followed by repolarization.
o At a single point of the axon the A.P. lasts about 2 msec.
 Does not diminishing in magnitude as it spreads (nondecremental=all or none).
 Although the magnitude of action potentials does not change the frequency of axon potentials
increases to reflect stronger stimuli.

A

Action potential (A.P)

86
Q

_______-Phase of the A.P.
 Graded potentials depolarize the membrane potential to threshold causing V-gated Na+ channels
to open.
 The V-gated Na+ channels become inactivated and cannot be activated again until a negative
membrane potential causes deinactivation.

A

Rising

87
Q

______-the time during an action potential when it is more difficult or impossible for a
neuron to generate another action potential.

A

Refractory Period

88
Q

______-when V-gated Na+ channels are inactivated another
AP cannot be generated.
 Ensures one-way transmission of nerve impulses
 Responsible for a maximum action potential frequency. The V-gated Na+ channel takes at least 1
msec to become deinactivated so no more than 1 action potential can be fired per msec (Max
A.P. frequency<1000 Hz

A

Absolute Referaction period

89
Q

______Phase of the A.P.
 V-gated Na+ channels close and V-gated K+ channels open.
 Membrane potential becomes more negative as K+ rushes out.
 V-gated Na+ channels become deinactivated ending the absolute refractory period

A

Falling

90
Q

________Period
 For a brief period immediately following an action potential it requires exceptionally strong
stimuli to trigger another action potential:
o V-gated Na+ channels can be activated again, but V-gated K+ channels are still open.

A

Relative refractory

91
Q

Factors Influencing A.P. Conduction Velocity: Range?

A

Range about 0.5-120 m/s

92
Q

Factors Influencing A.P. Conduction Velocity:

Diameter of the axon – larger diameter 66) increases or decreases (circle your answer) the
action potential velocity. Ohm’s Law: I=V/R, I=electric current, R= electrical resistance
o As diameter increases (up arrow) resistance (R) decreases (down arrow).

A

increase

93
Q

Factors Influencing A.P. Conduction Velocity:

Myelination- 67) increases or decreases (circle your answer) the A.P. velocit by preventing
charge leakage.
o 68)____________________conduction – a mechanism where the A.P. jumps from node
to node because V-gated channels are concentrated at the nodes

A
  1. . increase

68) Saltatory

94
Q

Factors Influencing A.P. Conduction Velocity:

Temperature- cold 69) increases or decreases (circle your answer) A.P. conduction velocity

A

decrease

95
Q

Factors Influencing A.P. Conduction Velocity:

Calcium- extracellular calcium 70) increases or decreases (circle your answer) the A.P,
conduction velocity by blocking V-gated sodium channels.
o Hypercalcemia- elevated extracellular calcium decreases the permeability of V-gated
sodium channels leading to decreased muscle tone, fatigue, weakness, and slow reflexes.
o Hypocalcemia- low extracellular calcium increases the permeability of V-gated sodium
channels leading to muscle spasms, cramps, seizures, burning and prickling sensations

A

decrease

96
Q

Factors Influencing A.P. Conduction Velocity:

_______-the local anesthetics lidocaine and Procaine (Novocaine) block V-gated sodium channels.

A

Drugs

97
Q

what is the process to Release of Neurotransmitters and Transmission Across the Synapse?

A

Action potential reaches the axon terminal.
 V-gated channels open and Calcium ions flood into the terminal causing synaptic
vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
 Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors.
 Neurotransmitters are released from the receptors. Then the signal is terminated as the
neurotransmitters are inactivated, pumped out of the synapse, or diffuse away.

98
Q

What type of classification of Neurotransmitters by Function is this?

\_\_\_\_\_\_-neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate) stimulate the
postsynaptic cell (membrane potential will be depolarized).
A

Exicitatory

99
Q

What type of classification of Neurotransmitters by Function is this?

_______-neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA and glycine) reduces
the activity of the postsynaptic cell (causes hyperpolarization).

A

Inhibitory

Exam 2 physiology (4 decks)

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