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OS 202 > Introduction to Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of the brain and nervous system?

A

Neuroscience

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2
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with the anatomy of the nervous system

A

Neuroanatomy

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3
Q

How do you know if someone is having a stroke?

A

FAST

  • Facial Drooping
  • Arm Weakness
  • Speech difficulties
  • Time to call emergency services
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4
Q

Where is Substantia nigra located?

A

Found in the midbrain, related to Parkinson’s disease

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5
Q

What plane divides the body into left and right?

A

Sagittal Plane

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6
Q

What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior?

A

Frontal Plane / Coronal Plane

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7
Q

What plane divides the body in the superior and inferior?

A

Transverse Plane / Horizontal Plane / Axial Plane

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8
Q

Basis of linear orientation of nervous system

A

Fish and reptiles

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9
Q

What refers to “beak” end? Refers to the anterior in human brain.

A

Rostral

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10
Q

What refers to “tail” end? Refers to the posterior in human brain.

A

Caudal

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11
Q

What do you call the rostral-caudal central nervous system axis?

A

Neuraxis

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12
Q

What is the “belly” side (towards the earth)?

A

Ventral

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13
Q

What is the “back” side (towards the sky)?

A

Dorsal

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14
Q

In humans, neuraxis is deformed to a __________.

A

Right angle

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15
Q

How do you differentiate the anterior and posterior between the brain and the rest of the body?

A

Brain: Anterior = Rostral, Posterior = Caudal
Body: Anterior = Ventral, Posterior = Dorsal

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16
Q

These cells transmit nerve impulses along nerve fibers:

A

Neurons

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17
Q

Nerves are made up of _________.

A

Nerve fibers

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18
Q

Components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Components of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Cranial nerves and ganglia, spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and ganglia

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20
Q

Consciously controlled

A

Somatic

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21
Q

Unconsciously controlled

A

Autonomic

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22
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Integration of body processes
  2. Control of voluntary effectors
  3. Control of involuntary effectors
  4. Response to stimuli
  5. Conscious thoughts and perceptions
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23
Q

Approach to studying neuroanatomy that describes the brain’s evolution from simple to complex creatures

A

Comparative

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24
Q

Approach to studying neuroanatomy that examines the development within an individual. it correlates emerging behaviors with developing brain.

A

Developmental

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25
Q

Approach to studying neuroanatomy that describes architecture of cells.

A

Cytoarchitecture / Cytoarchitectonic

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26
Q

A region of the cortex defined based on its cytoarchitecture and named after Korbinian Brodmann

A

Brodmann Area

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27
Q

Approach to studying neuroanatomy that describes intercellular communication (neurotransmitters)

A

Biochemical

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28
Q

Describe Parkinsonism

A

Low levels of dopamine in brain happens when nerve cells in a part of the brain that makes dopamine breaks down.

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29
Q

Approach to studying neuroanatomy that questions effects on functions upon damage.

A

Functional neuroanatomy

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30
Q

Approach to studying neuroanatomy that localizes structures in particular brain regions.

A

Regional neuroanatomy

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31
Q

What are the non-invasive brain imaging methods?

A
  1. CT scan (Computerized Tomography)
  2. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
  3. fMRI (Functional MRI)
  4. PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)
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32
Q

It uses x-rays to produce brain images with low resolution used for viewing structures.

A

CT scan (Computer tomography)

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33
Q

What tissue is seen as a dark area (hypodensity) in the brain CT scan?

A

Ischemic Brain

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34
Q

What tissue is seen as a light area (hyperdensity) in the brain CT scan?

A

Hemorrhagic Brain

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35
Q

What is the mechanism of having dark/light areas in a CT scan?

A

Dense areas prevent passage of x-ray, preventing it from burning the film (turning it into black).

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36
Q

Through which plane can CT scan only cut through?

A

Axial Plane / Horizontal Plane / Transverse Plane

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37
Q

Which non-invasive brain imaging is limited by thickness?

A

CT scan

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38
Q

In terms of information given and resolution, differentiate the 4 non-invasive brain imaging methods.

A

CT scan - Structure, low resolution
MRI - Structure, high resolution
fMRI - Function, high resolution
PET - Function, low resolution

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39
Q

Some non-imaging methods to study the brain:

A

Autopsy
Electrical stimulation
EEG (Electroencephalogram)

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40
Q

Which embryonic germ layer does the CNS and PNS originate from?

A

Ectoderm

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41
Q

Which embryonic germ layer does the notochord come from?

A

Mesoderm

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42
Q

Steps from ectoderm to neural canal

A

Ectoderm -> Neuroectoderm -> Neural Plate -> Neural Groove -> Neural tube w/ neural canal

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43
Q

Embryonic origin of the brain (specific)

A

Rostral end of neural tube

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44
Q

Embryonic origin of the spinal cord (specific)

A

Caudal end of neural tube

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45
Q

What are the primary vesicles and their corresponding secondary vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain) -> Telencephalon, Diencephalon
Mesencephalon (midbrain) -> Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) -> metencephalon, Myelencephalon

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46
Q

What are the neural derivatives of the secondary vesicles?

A

Telencephalon: Cerebral cortex, White matter, Basal Ganglia, Hippocampus, Amygdala

Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus, Epithalamus

Mesencephalon: Midbrain

Metencephalon: Cerebellum, Pons

Myelencephalon: Medulla oblongata

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47
Q

Outermost, durable connective tissue covering the brain with many blood vessels

A

Dura matter

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48
Q

Forms the periosteum of the skull bones

A

Dura matter

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49
Q

Avascular covering of the brain that does not follow its convolutions

A

Arachnoid matter

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50
Q

Covering that is closest to the brain, often adherent and difficult to remove because it follows the contours of the brain and spinal cord. It contains many blood vessels and nerves.

A

Pia matter

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51
Q

Space between dura matter and arachnoid matter

A

Subdural space

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52
Q

Space between spinal cord and vertebrae

A

Epidural space

53
Q

Space between arachnoid matter and pia matter that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood vessels

A

Subarachnoid space

54
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central nervous system
  2. Peripheral nervous system
    a. Autonomic nervous system
    i. Sympathetic nervous system
    ii. Parasympathetic nervous system
    b. Somatic nervous system
55
Q

What part of the spinal cord is the collection of motor nerves?

A

Anterior Horn of the spinal cord

56
Q

Crescent shaped fold of dura matter descending vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres:

A

Falx cerebri

57
Q

Fold of dura matter that separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

Falx cerebelli

58
Q

Dural fold that separates supratentorial (cerebrum) and infratentorial (midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum)

A

Tentorium cerebelli

59
Q

What do you call cell bodies in the CNS?

A

Nuclei

60
Q

What do you call cell bodies in the PNS?

A

Ganglia

61
Q

What do you call the axons in the CNS?

A

Tracts

62
Q

What do you call the axons in the PNS?

A

Nerves

63
Q

Continuous cortical sheath in the brain that contains cell bodies of neurons:

A

Gray matter

64
Q

Comprises axon tracts with no neurons in the brain:

A

White matter

65
Q

Gray matter found in large clusters

A

Nuclei

66
Q

Difference between the gray matter in the brain and the spinal cord:

A

Brain - gray matter is outside

Spinal cord - gray matter is inside

67
Q

White matter pathway that connects identical structures on the right and left sides of the CNS (connects across)

A

Commissure

68
Q

Biggest commissure and acts as the most important landmark in the brain. It is a bridge of axons that joins the two hemispheres and allows communication between them.

A

Corpus callosum

69
Q

Pathways carrying signals away from a structure to the brain

A

Afferent

70
Q

Pathways carrying signals towards a structure away from the brain

A

Efferent

71
Q

Different types of white matter (fibers):

A

Projection fibers = From brain down to spinal cord
Commissural fibers = Between hemispheres
Association fibers = Connections between structures on the same side

72
Q

What structures circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Ventricles

73
Q

What structure produces CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

74
Q

Forms a spongy cushion to protect the CNS from excessive accelerating and decelerating head movements

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

75
Q

Two separate ventricles that are in each of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Lateral ventricles

76
Q

Connection between lateral ventricles and the third ventricle

A

Foramina of Monro

77
Q

Connection between the third ventricle and fourth ventricle

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

78
Q

Connection between the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space

A

Foramina of Luschka

Foramen of Magendie

79
Q

Study ventricular system landmarks

A

Table 3, 2023 Trans 1

80
Q

The outwardly rounded ridges of cortex

A

Gyrus

81
Q

The grooves between the gyri

A

Sulcus

82
Q

Deep sulcus

A

Fissure

83
Q

What are the three brain fissures?

A
  1. Longitudinal fissure
  2. Central fissure of Rolando
  3. Lateral fissure of Sylvius
84
Q

What are the 4 major loves of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Occipital lobe
85
Q

It is the cortex within a cortex

A

Insular cortex / Island of Reil

86
Q

Most developed part of the cerebral cortex which is essential for more complex mental functions than detecting basic dimension of sensory stimulation

A

Association cortex

87
Q

Part of the cortex that functions in movement

A

Primary cortex

88
Q

Language impairment after a neurological injury

A

Aphasia

89
Q

Motor control, strength deficits affecting speech

A

Dysarthria

90
Q

Right brain corresponds to which hand?

A

Left hand

91
Q

Left brain corresponds to which hand?

A

Right hand

92
Q

Hemisphere that functions in written and spoken language, number skills, scientific functions, and reasoning?

A

Left brain (right handed)

93
Q

Hemisphere that functions in art, music, spatial orientation, creativity, and insight?

A

Right brain (left handed)

94
Q

Handedness and hemispheric specialization for language

A

Order: left hemisphere / right hemisphere / both
Left handed/Mixed = 70 / 15 / 15
Right handed = 96 /4 /0

95
Q

In the CNS, all neurons are in the cortex. T/F.

A

False, others are also in the subcortical area

96
Q

Regulates motor function and muscle tone

A

Basal ganglia

97
Q

Relay center of sensorimotor information to the cortex

A

Thalamus

98
Q

Short term memory and learning

A

Hippocampus

99
Q

Autonomic and endocrine functions like temperature regulation, circadian rhythm, emotional behavior, feeding behavior, etc.

A

Hypothalamus

100
Q

Large masses of gray matter located deep within the cerebral hemisphere. These are a set of functionally related nuclei.

A

Basal ganglia / Basal nucleus

101
Q

Two important basal ganglia nuclei:

A
  1. Caudate nucleus

2. Putamen

102
Q

Moderates the intensity of motor activity by inhibiting the thalamus to a lesser or greater extent

A

Basal ganglia

103
Q

Dystonia, Parkinson’s disease are defects of the:

A

Basal ganglia

104
Q

True or false. Basal ganglia is a cortical relay nuclei.

A

False. They work together with the cortex to control voluntary movement.

105
Q

True or false. Each separate functional area of cortex has a separate thalamic nucleus.

A

True

106
Q

The only ways information can get to the cortex is via:

A
  1. Thalamic relay

2. Cortico-cortical links

107
Q

Represents a map of brain areas dedicated to motor and sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body

A

Homunculus

108
Q

What does the lateral side of the homunculus represent?

A

Face and arms

109
Q

What does the middle/medial side of the homunculus represent?

A

Legs and feet

110
Q

Supplies medial aspect of the cerebrum:

A

Anterior cerebral artery

111
Q

Supplies lateral aspect of the cerebrum:

A

Middle cerebral artery

112
Q

How many percent of fibers decussate?

A

90% of fibers cross

113
Q

What are the 3 major tracts of the central nervous system and their functions?

A

1 Descending tract (motor)
- Lateral corticospinal tract
2 Ascending tracts (sensory)
- Posterior column pathway / medial lemniscal pathway (vibration, joint position, position sense, fine touch)
- Anterolateral pathway / spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, crude touch)

114
Q

What is the name and level of decussation for the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Pyramidal decussation (cervico-medullary junction)

115
Q

What is the name and level of decussation for the posterior column pathway / medial lemniscal pathway?

A

Internal arcuate fibers (lower medulla)

116
Q

What is the name and level of decussation for the anterolateral pathway / spinothalamic tract?

A

Anterior commissure (spinal cord)

117
Q

Old “mammalian brain,” concerned with emotion and memory

A

Limbic lobe

118
Q

Structure involved in production of feelings and emotions

A

Amygdala

119
Q

Structure responsible for posture and balance. It is also responsible for maintenance of muscle tone and coordination of voluntary motor activity.

A

Cerebellum

120
Q

Cerebral hemisphere lesions cause ___________ motor signs while cerebellar hemisphere lesions cause ___________ signs due to ____________ of fibers.

A

Contralateral, Ipsilateral, Double decussation

121
Q

Two cranial nerves that do not pass through the thalamus

A

Olfactory nerve (CNI) and Optic nerve (CNII)

122
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the midbrain?

A

CNIII and CNIV

123
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the pons?

A

CNV - CNVIII

124
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the medulla oblongata?

A

CNIX - CNXII

125
Q

Controls the body systems vital for life such as breathing, blood pressure, sleep/waking, balance, swallowing and vomiting

A

Brain stem

126
Q

Responsible for visual, auditory, and orienting reflexes

A

Midbrain

127
Q

Relay of information from the cochlea and vestibular apparatus. It is also responsible for control of movement and sensation from the face.

A

Pons

128
Q

Integration of breathing and swallowing. Control of respiration, blood pressure, and cortical arousal.

A

Medulla

OS 202 (4 decks)

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