Introduction to Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Using dorsal and ventral, how is the brain divided

Answer 1

The superior portion of the brain is the dorsal side, the inferior portion of the brain is the ventral side

Question 2

What is rostral and caudal and how are the directions in human body

Answer 2

In the body, everything except head, rostral is superior and caudal is inferior side of body. In brain rostral is anterior and caudal is posterior.

Question 3

How is brain divided into sagittal sections

Answer 3

In sagittal sections brain is divided anteroposteriorly or posteroanteriorly into two hemispheres seen from lateral view

Question 4

How is brain divided in transverse sections

Answer 4

In transverse sections brain is divided in lateromedial directions seen from superior view

Question 5

How is brain divided in coronal sections

Answer 5

In coronal sections brain is divided in lateromedial sections seen from a frontal view

Question 6

In brain sections, what is name for parts closer to axis and closer to sides

Answer 6

Medial closer to axis, lateral closer to sides

Question 7

What is the difference in depiction of neuroanatomy and clinical neuroradiology

Answer 7

In neuroanatomy dorsal is at the top and ventral at bottom, in clinical neuroradiology ventral is at top and dorsal at bottom and left and right are reversed

Question 8

What are the coalescent spinal nerves for the arms and legs called and what are they

Answer 8

Spinal nerve arm: brachial plexus, spinal nerve leg: lumbar plexus, nerves that control voluntary movement of the arms and legs

Question 9

What are cranial nerves and where are they found

Answer 9

Cranial nerves are the only twelve pairs of nerves that do not originate from the spine but from the brain directly, they leave the brain through foramina in base of skull

Question 10

What is distinction between afferent and sensory neurones

Answer 10

Afferent and sensory nerves carry impulses from body to CNS, but sensory nerves carry impulses that are consciously interpreted while afferent nerves is broader and encompasses all nerves carrying impulses towards CNS.

Question 11

What is distinction between efferent and motor neurones

Answer 11

Efferent and sensory nerves carry impulses from CNS, but motor nerves carry impulses that cause skeletal muscle movement, while efferent nerves is broader and encompasses all nerves carrying impulses from CNS.

Question 12

Where is grey matter found and why is it this colour

Answer 12

Grey matter is found on the exterior part of the cerebri and cerebelli and contains the cell nuclei of relay neurones that give it this colour

Question 13

Where is white matter found and why is it this colour

Answer 13

White matter is found on the interior part of the cerebri and cerebelli and contains the myelin sheats of the neurones in the CNS that give it this colour

Question 14

What are nuclei and tracts in CNS

Answer 14

Nuclei are the cell bodies of the neurones and tracts are the axons and dendrites that carry impulses to and from the cell body of neurone

Question 15

What is the division between the two cerebral hemispheres called

Answer 15

Corpus callosum

Question 16

What are connection nerves between two hemispheres called

Answer 16

The axons running in corpus callosum betwee hemispheres are called commissural fibres

Question 17

What is meningeal layer called that divides the two cerebral hemispheres

Answer 17

Falx cerebri

Question 18

What is meningeal layer between cerebellum and posterior cerebral hemisphere (occipital) called

Answer 18

Tentiorum cerebelli

Question 19

In what three sections can brainstem be divided

Answer 19

Medulla oblongata, mesencenphalon and pons

Question 20

What do hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain consist of

Answer 20

The hindbrain consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons and the cerebellum. The midbrain consists of the mecenphalon. The forebrain consists of the diencephalon and the cerebral hemispheres

Question 21

What are the two principal parts of the diencephalon

Answer 21

The thalamus and the hypothalamus

Question 22

Where are the basal ganglia found and what is their function

Answer 22

The basal ganglia is found between cerebral cortex and diencephalon and brainstem, and coordinates voluntary movement, posture and muscular tone

Question 23

What does CSF stand for and where is it produced

Answer 23

Cerebrospinal fluid, produced by the choroid plexi in alle four ventricles

Question 24

How many of the cranial nerves stem from the brainstem

Answer 24

10 of the 12 cranial nerve pairs, III to XII, stem from brainstem