Introduction to Neuroanatomy and Gross Brain Structure

Question 1

What are the three subdivisions of the brain?

Answer 1

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

Question 2

What are the two divisions of the cerebrum?

Answer 2

Cerebral hemispheres (that are separated by longitudinal fissure) and the diencephalon

Question 3

What are the two names for nerve cell bodies?

Answer 3

Nucleus and Ganglion

Question 4

Axons in the central nervous system have what three names?

Answer 4

Tract, lemniscus, and peduncle

Question 5

Axons in the peripheral nervous system are called what?

Answer 5

Nerve

Question 6

Ipsilateral means what?

Answer 6

Same side of

Question 7

Contralateral means what?

Answer 7

Opposite side of

Question 8

Bilateral means what?

Answer 8

Both sides

Question 9

What is a decussation?

Answer 9

Connections of dissimilar areas of the brain

Question 10

What is a commisure?

Answer 10

Connections of similar areas of the brain

Question 11

What are three small neurotransmitters?

Answer 11

Glutamate, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and acetylcholine ACh

Question 12

What are three monoamine neurotransmitters?

Answer 12

Dopamine, norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine, and serotonin (5-HT)

Question 13

What are two neuropeptide neurotransmitters?

Answer 13

ACTH and substance P

Question 14

What are the 5 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

Answer 14

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and limbic

Question 15

What are the 4 general functional areas of the frontal lobe?

Answer 15

Precentral gyrus, Premotor and supplemental motor areas, Broca’s area, and the prefrontal cortex

Question 16

What does the precentral gyrus do?

Answer 16

This is the primary motor cortex, the origin of the descending motor pathway, and initiates voluntary movement

Question 17

What are the premotor and supplemental motor areas?

Answer 17

Parts of precentral, and nearby portions of superior and middle frontal gyri

Question 18

Where is Broca’s area?

Answer 18

Inferior frontal gyrus of one hemisphere (usually left)

Question 19

What does Broca’s area do?

Answer 19

Is involved in production of written and spoken language

Question 20

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

Answer 20

Allows executive function (personality, foresight, insight)

Question 21

What are the three lateral surfaces of the parietal lobe?

Answer 21

Postcentral gyrus, superior parietal lobe, inferior parietal lobe

Question 22

What are the two medial surfaces of the parietal lobe?

Answer 22

Precunus and paracentral lobe

Question 23

The postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe serves what function?

Answer 23

Is the primary somatosensory cortex, concerned with initial processing of tactile and proprioceptive information

Question 24

The inferior parietal lobule of one hemisphere (typically left) serves what function?

Answer 24

Language comprehension

Question 25

What are the three lateral surfaces of the temporal lobe?

Answer 25

Superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus

Question 26

What is the inferior surface of the temporal lobe?

Answer 26

Occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus

Question 27

What are the four main functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 27

Primary auditory cortex, language comprehension, higher order visual processing, and learning and memory

Question 28

What is the lateral surface of the occipital lobe?

Answer 28

Lateral occipital gyri (surface is variable)

Question 29

What are the two medial surfaces of the occipital lobe?

Answer 29

Cuneus and lingual gyrus

Question 30

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 30

Almost exclusively in visual function

Question 31

Where is the primary visual cortex?

Answer 31

In banks of calcarine sulcus and a bit of surrounding cortex

Question 32

The limbic lobe consists mainly of what two things?

Answer 32

Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

Question 33

The limbic system is important in what?

Answer 33

Emotional responses, drive related behaviors, and memory

Question 34

Where is the insula located?

Answer 34

Deep in the lateral sulcus and is covered by frontal, parietal, and temporal opercula

Question 35

What are the 4 divisions of the diencephalon?

Answer 35

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

Question 36

No sensory information except olfaction reaches the cerebral cortex without a stop first in what structure?

Answer 36

The thalamus

Question 37

The thalamus is involved in motor system neural circuits which are loops that involve what?

Answer 37

The cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 38

The hypothalamus is separated from the thalamus by what?

Answer 38

Hypothalamic sulcus in wall of the third ventricle

Question 39

What structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

Answer 39

Infundibular stalk

Question 40

What are the three subdivisions of the brain stem?

Answer 40

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

Question 41

Which cranial nerve is not attached to the brainstem?

Answer 41

Cranial nerve I

Question 42

What is cranial nerve I?

Answer 42

Olfactory nerve

Question 43

What is cranial nerve II?

Answer 43

Optic nerve

Question 44

What is cranial nerve III?

Answer 44

Oculomotor nerve

Question 45

Where does cranial nerve III emerge from?

Answer 45

Interpeduncular fossa

Question 46

What is cranial nerve IV?

Answer 46

Trochlear nerve

Question 47

What is the only nerve to emerge from the dorsal aspect of the brain stem?

Answer 47

CN IV

Question 48

What is cranial nerve V?

Answer 48

Trigeminal nerve

Question 49

What is cranial nerve VI?

Answer 49

Abducens nerve

Question 50

What is cranial nerve VII?

Answer 50

Facial nerve

Question 51

What is cranial nerve VIII?

Answer 51

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 52

CN VIII emerges from what?

Answer 52

Cerebellopontine angle

Question 53

What is CN IX?

Answer 53

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 54

What is CN X?

Answer 54

Vagus nerve

Question 55

What is CN XI?

Answer 55

Accessory nerve

Question 56

Where does CN XI emerge from?

Answer 56

From upper cervical spinal cord, ascends into skull then reverses and goes back into neck

Question 57

What is CN XII?

Answer 57

Hypoglossal nerve

Question 58

What are the cranial nerves of the midbrain?

Answer 58

III and IV

Question 59

What are the cranial nerves of the pons?

Answer 59

V, VI, VII, and VIII

Question 60

What are the cranial nerves of the medulla?

Answer 60

IX, X, XI, and XII

Question 61

What is the vermis?

Answer 61

The most medial aspect of the cerebellum and occurs at the midline

Question 62

CSF is produced by what?

Answer 62

Choroid plexus in the ventricles

Question 63

What structures reabsorb CSF?

Answer 63

Arachnoid villi into the venous system

Question 64

CSF pressure is greater or less than venous pressure?

Answer 64

CSF pressure

Question 65

What are the three meningeal layers?

Answer 65

Dura mater (outer most, toughest), arachnoid mater, and pia mater (inner most)

Question 66

Between what layers of meninges is CSF found?

Answer 66

Between arachnoid and pia

Question 67

The arachnoid and pia mater are collectively refered to as what?

Answer 67

Leptomeninges

Question 68

Epidural hematomas are generally aterial or venous?

Answer 68

Aterial

Question 69

Subdural hematomas are generally aterial or venous?

Answer 69

Venous

Question 70

The anterior cerebral artery supplies what?

Answer 70

Medial parts of frontal and parietal lobes

Question 71

The ACA are connected by what?

Answer 71

Anterior communicating artery

Question 72

The middle cerebral artery supplies what?

Answer 72

Most of lateral cerebral hemispheres

Question 73

What are the arteries that arise from basically all arteries at the base of the brain?

Answer 73

Perforating arteries

Question 74

The vertebral arteries fuse into what artery along the pons?

Answer 74

Basilar artery

Question 75

Each vertebral artery gives rise to what three structures?

Answer 75

Posterior spinal artery, anterior spinal artery, and posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA

Question 76

Posterior spinal artery supplies what?

Answer 76

Posterior 1/3 of spinal cord

Question 77

Anterior spinal artery supplies what?

Answer 77

These join together at the midline to form one artery that supplies anterior 2/3 of spinal cord

Question 78

PICA supplies what?

Answer 78

Supplies inferior cerebellum and lateral medulla

Question 79

The basilar artery bifurcates at the midline and forms what?

Answer 79

2 posterior cerebellar arteries (PCA's)

Question 80

Prior to the basilar artery bifurcation, it gives rise to what two arteries?

Answer 80

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and superior cerebellar artery (SCA)

Question 81

AICA supplies what?

Answer 81

Supplies anterior portions of the inferior surface of cerebellum (flocculus) and caudal pons

Question 82

SCA supplies what?

Answer 82

Supplies superior cerebellum, caudal midbrain and rostral pons

Question 83

The PCA supplies what?

Answer 83

Branches supply medial and inferior surfaces of temporal and occipital lobes, branches also go to rostral midbrain and posterior diencephalon

Question 84

The blood brain barrier includes what?

Answer 84

Barrier includes arachnoid, endothelial tight junctions and lack of pinocytic vesicles