Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is the basis of all organic chemistry?

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

How many covalent bonds can carbon form and why?

Answer 2

Hybridisation causes an S orbital electron to be promoted to a P orbital so carbon now has 4 orbitals available for electron pairing. Therefore carbon can form 4 covalent bonds.

Question 3

What are sigma bonds?

Answer 3

Sigma bonds are very strong single covalent bonds and are formed by the orbital overlap directly between the two nuclei of the bonding atoms. There is free rotation around a sigma bond.

Question 4

When do sigma bonds occur?

Answer 4

• S-S orbitals- S-P orbitals- P-P end to end orbitals

Question 5

What does single bond rotation lead to?

Answer 5

Different displayed representations of the same molecule. This can also affect how carbon chains are represented.

Question 6

How do you name organic molecules?

Answer 6

Find the longest carbon chain and highlight it and then add side chains

Question 7

What is the alkane group?

Answer 7

C-C

Question 8

What is the alkane suffix?

Answer 8

…ane

Question 9

What is the halogenoalkane group?

Answer 9

C-X

Question 10

What is the halogenoalkane prefix?

Answer 10

Chloro/Fluoro/Bromo/Iodo…

Question 11

What is the alkene group?

Answer 11

C=C

Question 12

What is the alkene suffix?

Answer 12

…ene

Question 13

What is the alcohol group?

Answer 13

C-O-H

Question 14

What is the alcohol prefix?

Answer 14

hydroxy…

Question 15

What is the alcohol suffix?

Answer 15

…ol

Question 16

What is the aldehyde group?

Answer 16

H-C=O

Question 17

What is the ketone group?

Answer 17

CCOC

Question 18

What is the carboxylic acid group?

Answer 18

COOH

Question 19

What is the amine group?

Answer 19

CNHH

Question 20

What is the amine prefix?

Answer 20

Amino…

Question 21

What is the aldehyde suffix?

Answer 21

…al

Question 22

What is the ketone suffix?

Answer 22

…one

Question 23

What is the carboxylic acid suffix?

Answer 23

…anoic acid

Question 24

General formula

Answer 24

For a homologous series

Question 25

Molecular formula

Answer 25

Number of each type of atom

Question 26

Displayed formula

Answer 26

All covalent bonds on display

Question 27

Structural formula

Answer 27

Shows structure carbon by carbon with no bonds

Question 28

Empirical formula

Answer 28

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms

Question 29

Skeletal formula

Answer 29

Only shows carbon to carbon bonds and functional groups

Question 30

Name of a carbon chain with 1 carbon?

Answer 30

meth...

Question 31

Name of a carbon chain with 2 carbons?

Answer 31

eth..

Question 32

Name of a carbon chain with 3 carbons?

Answer 32

prop...

Question 33

Name of a carbon chain with 4 carbons?

Answer 33

but...

Question 34

Name of a carbon chain with 5 carbons?

Answer 34

pent...

Question 35

Name of a carbon chain with 6 carbons?

Answer 35

hex...

Question 36

Name of a carbon chain with 7 carbons?

Answer 36

hept...

Question 37

Name of a carbon chain with 8 carbons?

Answer 37

oct...

Question 38

Name of a carbon chain with 9 carbons?

Answer 38

non...

Question 39

Name of a carbon chain with 10 carbons?

Answer 39

dec...

Question 40

What is the IUPAC nomenclature?

Answer 40

The systematic naming system for organic compounds

Question 41

Why do you use a numbering system?

Answer 41

To identify the location of the functional group or alkyl side chain

Question 42

What is an alkyl side chain?

Answer 42

Hydrocarbon branches off the longest chain

Question 43

When is the numbering system used?

Answer 43

When the position of a functional group on a carbon chain needs to be clarified

Question 44

Which numbers should be used?

Answer 44

The lowest numbers

Question 45

What order should groups be in?

Answer 45

Alphabetical

Question 46

What is used when 2 of the same group are present?

Answer 46

di-

Question 47

What is used when 3 of the same group are present?

Answer 47

tri-

Question 48

Aliphatic

Answer 48

Organic compound that consists of carbon chains. These may be straight or cyclical. All electrons fixed in covalent bonds

Question 49

Aromatic

Answer 49

Organic compounds that contain a ring structure with delocalised pi electrons

Question 50

Functional Group

Answer 50

A group of atoms in an organic molecule that give it distinctive chemical properties

Question 51

Homologous Series

Answer 51

A series of organic molecules that have the same general formula and have similar chemical properties

Question 52

Isomer

Answer 52

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

Question 53

Nucleophile

Answer 53

An electron rich species that donates a pair of electrons to create a covalent bond

Question 54

Electrophile

Answer 54

An electron deficient species that accepts a pair of electrons to create a covalent bond

Question 55

Addition

Answer 55

An atom or a group of atoms is added to an organic molecule

Question 56

Substitution

Answer 56

An atom or group of atoms is swapped for another

Question 57

Elimination

Answer 57

An atom or group of atoms is removed from an organic molecule

Question 58

Oxidation

Answer 58

Addition of oxygen/ removal of hydrogen in oxygen containing molecules

Question 59

Reduction

Answer 59

Addition of hydrogen/ removal of oxygen in oxygen containing molecules

Question 60

Hydrolysis

Answer 60

Chemical breakdown of a molecule by reaction with water

Question 61

Polymerisation

Answer 61

The joining together of individual molecules to create a larger chain

Question 62

Mechanism

Answer 62

Shows the movement of electron pairs in an organic reaction. Electron pair movement represented by a curly arrow