Introduction to Pain

Question 1

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

Answer 1

pain

Question 2

What is pain?

Answer 2

a warning of actual or potential tissue damage

Question 3

T/F Pain is a combination of factors

Answer 3

T - mechanical, neurological, psychlogical, and sociological

Question 4

T/F pain is a reliable indicator of location and severity of tissue damage

Answer 4

T AND F

it may be, but not always. In instances where it is not must address tissue damage and help patient understand their pain

Question 5

increased responsiveness and reduced threshold of nociceptive neurons in the periphery to stimulation of receptor fields

Answer 5

Peripheral sensitization

Question 6

Increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in CNS to normal or subthreshold afferent input

Answer 6

central sensitization

Question 7

Both peripheral sensitization and central sensitization are indicative of…

Answer 7

pain that is out of proportion

Question 8

Pain is a _________, activated by an individual’s specific pain ____________

Answer 8

multiple system output

neural signature

Question 9

The neural signature is activated whenever the brain ___________

Answer 9

perceives a threat

Question 10

What pain scale quantifies pain but doesn’t do a good job of showing us location or limited function?

Answer 10

visual analog and numeric scales

Question 11

What are some methods of assessing pain?

Answer 11

body diagrams,
daily activity/pain logs
open-ended interviews
physical examination and testing

Question 12

respond to intense mechanical stimulation and heat or cold

Answer 12

a-delta afferent neurons

Question 13

short duration, sharp, stabbing or pricking sensation

Answer 13

a-delta

Question 14

small and myelinated

Answer 14

a-delta

Question 15

consists of 20% of pain afferents

Answer 15

a-delta

Question 16

these neurons are NOT blocked by opioids

Answer 16

a-delta

Question 17

longer duration, dull, throbbing, aching, burning, tingling, diffusely localized, accompanied by sweating, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and nausea

Answer 17

c-afferent

Question 18

small unmyelinated

Answer 18

c-afferent

Question 19

consists of 80% of pain afferents

Answer 19

c-afferent

Question 20

CAN be blocked by opioid medication

Answer 20

c-afferent

Question 21

Neuron responsible for proprioception

Answer 21

a-alpha

Question 22

non-painful sensation related to vibration, stretching, and mechanical pressure

Answer 22

a-beta

Question 23

Larger and myelinated neruons

Answer 23

a-alpha and a-beta

Question 24

Where is the pain located if it is sharp/pricking/vibrating and easily located?

Answer 24

superficial at the skin

Question 25

Where is the pain located if it is dull/achy/heavy and more difficult to localize?

Answer 25

musculoskeletal

Question 26

Where is the pain located if it is aching in quality and frequently referred superficially?

Answer 26

visceral

Question 27

elicited by activation of nociceptive tissues in the body in the absence of tissue damage

Answer 27

transient pain goes away without treatment. Ex. touching something hot and moving away quickly

Question 28

If actual tissue damage occurs, relatively short duration pain with defined etiology. May be localized and have a reflex mechanism initiated for protection from damage

Answer 28

acute

Question 29

longer duration, often persisting longer than typical for a condition

Answer 29

chronic/persistent often inadequate response to appropriate care and associated with more emotional reactions

Question 30

what type of pain has a clear stimulus-response relationship with the initial injury?

Answer 30

Nociceptive

Question 31

What type of pain has a burning or lancinating quality?

Answer 31

neuropathic

Question 32

what kind of pain is usually accompanied by signs or symptoms of neurological dysfunction, such as paresthesias, itching, anesthesia, weakness?

Answer 32

neuropathic radicular vs referred pain

Question 33

T/F Only nociceptive pain can be both acute or chronic

Answer 33

F Both nociceptive and neuropathic pain can be acute and become chronic

Question 34

Pain that travels along the path of a nerve is called

Answer 34

radicular pain

Question 35

pain that occurs away from the origin/source of pain is called

Answer 35

referred pain may be acute or chronic

Question 36

specific pain receptors transmit signals to a pain center in the brain and that's how they perceive pain

Answer 36

specificty theory

Question 37

people feel pain when a specific pattern of neural activity occurs regardless of what neurons are activated

Answer 37

pattern theory

Question 38

_______ control pain by binding to specific opioid receptors

Answer 38

opiopeptins - endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

Question 39

The ___________ releases opiopeptins in times of emotional stress and results in a raised pain threshold. may be an explanation for how acupuncture can cause pain relief of pre-existing pain.

Answer 39

endogenous opioid system

Question 40

T/F For persistent pain it may be necessary to use an integrated multidisciplinary form of treatment

Answer 40

T psychological and physiological therapies, physical agents, and exercise.