Introduction to Parasitology Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
❖ An area of science, which deals with the study of organisms living permanently or temporarily on or within another organism.
❖ The branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms, their hosts, and the relationship between them.
A
Parasitology
2
Q
Divisions of Parasitology
A
Protozoology
Helminthology
Medical Entomology
Medical Parasitology
Tropical Medicine
Tropical disease
Parasite
Host
3
Q
A study of protozoans which are small, unicellular organisms, which contain nucleus and functional organelles.
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Protozoology
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Q
A study of worms which are larger, multicellular organisms normally visible to the naked eye in their adult form.
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Helminthology
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Q
A study of insects and arthropods.
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Medical Entomology
6
Q
Concerned primarily with the parasite that affects humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities.
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Medical Parasitology
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Q
Branch of medicine, which deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions.
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Tropical Medicine
8
Q
An illness, which is indigenous to or endemic in tropical area but may also occur in sporadic or epidemic portions in areas that are not tropical.
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Tropical Disease
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Q
Lives on or in the host usually on a larger organism, which provides physical protection and nourishment.
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Parasite
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Q
Harbors parasite and gives nourishment.
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Host
11
Q
What are the host-parasite relationship?
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Symbiosis
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
12
Q
Living together of unlike organisms, protection or other advantages to one or both partners.
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Symbiosis
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Q
Relationship is beneficial to both organisms (ex. Termites)
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Mutualism
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Q
Parasite derives benefit without reciprocating and without injury to the host or both (ex. Entamoeba coli).
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Commensalism
15
Q
Relationship where one organism, the parasite, lives in or another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host (ex. Entamoeba histolytica).
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Parasitism
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Q
Parasites according to the Mode of Living
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Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Facultative Parasites
Obligate Parasites
Accidental/Incidental Parasite
Occasional/Periodic
Saprophytes
Erratic
Zoonotic
17
Q
Living outside the body of the host.
⮚ Infestation
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Ectoparasites
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Q
Living inside the body of the host.
⮚ Infection
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Endoparasites
19
Q
Able to live outside or inside the host and lead both to a free and parasitic existence.
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Facultative Parasites
20
Q
Completely dependent to the host for its existence throughout its life.
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Obligate Parasite
21
Q
Establishes itself in the host in which it does not ordinarily live.
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Accidental/Incidental Parasite
22
Q
Seeks its host intermittently to obtain nourishment.
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Occasional/Periodic
23
Q
Live in organic substances in state of decomposition.
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Saprophytes
24
Q
Those that live in an organ different from the one it usually parasitize.
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Erratic
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Animal parasites, non-human parasites that may cause human infections.
Zoonotic
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Parasites according to Duration of Parasitism
Temporary Parasites
Permanent Parasites
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Free living during part of existence, larval stage has different host from its adult stage.
Temporary Parasite
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Remain on the body of the host in all stages of its life cycle.
Permanent Parasite
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Parasites according to Pathologic Conditions
Spurious/Coprozoic parasite
Coprophilic parasite
Hematozoic parasite
Cytozoic parasite
Coelozoic parasite
Enterozoic parasite
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Passes digestive tract of humans without infecting them.
Spurious/Coprozoic parasite
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Parasite multiply in fecal matter outside the human body.
Coprophilic parasite
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Lives inside the red blood cells
Hematozoic parasite
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Lives inside the cells or tissues
Cytozoic parasite
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Lives in the body cavities
Coelozoic parasite
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Lives in the intestine
Enterozoic parasite
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Types of Host
DRIP
Definitive Host
Reservoir Host
Intermediate Host
Paratenic Host
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It is a final host, harbors the adult and sexually mature form.
Definitive Host
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harbors the larvae or asexual stage of the parasite ∙
Intermediate Host
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Animal that harbors the same parasite of man (ex. Balantidium coli).
Reservoir Host
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Harbors a stage of the parasite where in no further development in parasite takes place (ex.Angiostrongylus cantonensis).
Paratenic Host
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Sources of Exposure to Infection
❖ Pathogens
❖ Carrier
❖ Exposure
❖ Infection
❖ Incubation
❖ Pre-patent period
❖ Autoinfection
❖ Superinfection or Hyperinfection
❖ Coinfection
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can be animal parasites that are harmful and frequently cause mechanical injury to their host.
Pathogens
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Harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting signs and symptoms.
Carrier
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Process of inoculating an infective agent.
Exposure
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Establishment of the infective agent in the host .
Infection
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Period between infection and evidence of symptoms.
Incubation Period
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Biological incubation period, period between infection and acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection.
Pre-patent period
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Infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection (ex.Enterobius vermicularis).
Autoinfection
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Already affected individual is further infected with the same species leading to the massive infection with the parasite.
Superinfection or Hyperinfection
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Simultaneous infection of a host by two or more parasite (Ex. Presence of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in the stool sample).
Coinfection
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Lack of sanitary toilets and use of night soil.
Contaminated soil and water
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Parasites in contaminated soil and water.
Soil: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Hookworm, Strongyloides stercoralis
Water: Amoeba, Flagellates, Blood flukes
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Consumption of undercooked or raw freshwater fish, crab, snail, beef and pork.
Food containing immature ineffective stage of parasite
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Example of Arthropods, blood sucking insects and other wild or domesticated animals
Mosquitoes (Filaria and Malaria)
Triatoma bugs ( Trypanosoma cruzi)
Sandflies (Leishmania)
Cats, dogs and house rats
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Source of infection from:
Beddings and clothing
Immediate environment he has contaminated.
Another Person
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Self is the source of infection (Ex. Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, and Strongyloides stercoralis).
One's self or Autoinfection
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Responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.
Vector
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Types of Vector
❖ Biological Vector
❖ Mechanical Vector
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Parasite is seen inside the body of this organism and the parasite needs this organism for its development. Ex: mosquitoes, tsetse flies
Biological Vector
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Responsible only for transporting the parasite, the parasite is only seen on the surface of this organism and there will be no development on the parasite. Ex: cockroaches, house flies
Mechanical Vector
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Modes of Transmission
❖ Soil transmitted
❖ Arthropod/Vector transmitted
❖ Food-borne
❖ Water-borne
❖ Skin penetration
❖ Congenital Transmission
❖ Direct contact
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Portal of Entry
❖ By mouth
❖ Skin penetration
❖ Intranasal: inhalation of eggs
❖ Transplacental infection
❖ Transmammary
❖ Sexual intercourse
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Portal of entry that is most common area of invasion for the entrance of intestinal protozoa.
By mouth
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Portal of Exit
❖ Stool
❖ Urine
❖ Sputum
❖ Blood
❖ Tissue aspirates and biopsy
❖ Orifice swab
❖ Discharge
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Naming of Parasites or its nomenclature is classified by?
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
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Scientific name is written in?
Latinized
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Generic and Specific name written format
Consist of a single word written in initial capital letter.
Specific name always begins with a small letter.
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Names of genera are written in what format?
Italicized if printed
Underlined if written.
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Types of Life Cycle
❖ Simple
❖ Complicated
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Most parasitic organisms attain sexual maturity at the
Definitive Host
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Larval stage of parasite may pass through different stages in an
Intermediate Host
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As life cycle becomes complicated,
The lesser chances are for the individual parasite to survive
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Life Stage of a Parasite
1. Ova
2. Egg
3. Larva
4. Trophozoite
5. Cyst
6. Adult
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MODE OF REPRODUCTION
❖ Sexual
❖ Asexual
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In sexual reproduction, it is called as an "egg birth", give birth to eggs that must develop before hatching.
Oviparous
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Ones that produce eggs but retain them inside the female body until hatching occurs, so that "live" offspring are born.
Ovoviviparous
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Being born alive without eggs.
Larviparous or Viviparous
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In asexual reproduction, it is called when division is in half.
Binary fission
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Unfertilized ovum develops directly into a new individual, natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization by male sex cell.
Parthenogenesis
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Epidemiologic Measures
❖ Epidemiology
❖ Incidence
❖ Prevalence
❖ Cumulative prevalence
❖ Intensity of infection
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Science concern with the propagation of the disease, study of patterns, distribution and occurrence of disease.
Epidemiology
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Number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time
⮚ Absolute number
Incidence
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Usually expressed in percentage, number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected
with a particular parasite at a certain time.
Prevalence
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Percentage of individuals in the population infected with at least one parasite.
Cumulative prevalence
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Number of worm per infected person (worm burden) ∙
Intensity of infection
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Direct procedure for intensity of infection.
Counting expelled worms during treatment.
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Indirect procedure for intensity of infection.
Counting helminth egg excreted in feces, expressed in egg per gram.
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Distribution of Diseases
❖ Sporadic
❖ Endemic
❖ Epidemic
❖ Pandemic
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Appears only occasionally in one or at most a few members of the community ( ex. Tetanus and rabies).
Sporadic
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There is a steady moderate level of disease in human population (Ex. Malaria in Palawan).
Endemic
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There is a sudden outbreak or rise of incidence in human population (Ex. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV )
Epidemic
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When the disease have been disseminated in extensive area of the world (Ex. COVID-19, AIDS and HIV)
Pandemic
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Pathophysiology and symptomology of parasitic infections.
❖ Traumatic or physical damage
❖ Lytic Necrosis
❖ Tissue reactions
❖ Toxic allergic phenomena
❖ Deprivation of the host’s essential nutrients and substances
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When parasites invade the skin and other tissues causing destruction.
Traumatic tap or physical damage
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It is a a skin infection caused by hookworms.
Creeping eruption
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Secretory and excretory products elaborated by many parasites allow them to metabolize nutrients obtained from the host and store these for energy production.
Lytic necrosis
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What enzyme does Entamoeba histolytica secretes to digest cellular materials and degrade epithelial basement membrane facilitating tissue invasion.
Cysteine proteinase
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Cellular proliferation, white cell infiltration at the side of the parasite.
Tissue reactions
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When proteins or other metabolites of the parasites are introduced into the body, there is sensation to the foreign substance, which may produce hypersensitization to anaphylactic shock. (ex. Punctuate keratitis)
Toxic allergic phenomena
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The parasite competes with its host for the available supple of vitamin.
Deprivation of the host’s essential nutrients and substances
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Parasite that competes on Vitamin B12
Diphyllobothrium latum
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Factors that determine the intensity of parasitic infection.
❖ Topography of locality
❖ Social condition
❖ Age
❖ Hygienic measure
❖ Sewage disposal
❖ Water supply
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Should consider when selecting a proper treatment.
❖ Antiparasitic medications
❖ Change in diet
❖ Vitamin supplements
❖ Fluid replacement
❖ Blood transfusion bed rest
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Treatment
❖ Deworming
❖ Selective Treatment
❖ Targeted Treatment
❖ Universal Treatment
❖ Coverage
❖ Drug Resistance
❖ Efficacy
❖ Effectiveness
105
Use of anti-helminthic drugs in an individual or public health program.
Deworming
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Usually expressed in percentage, number of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative in examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming.
Cure rate
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Percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming.
Egg Reduction Rate
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Individual-level deworming with selection of treatment based on a diagnosis of an infection or based on presumptive grounds.
Selective Treatment
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Group-level deworming where the risk group to be treated (with or without prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, gender or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status.
Targeted Treatment
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Population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, gender, infection status or other social characteristics.
Universal Treatment
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Proportion of target population reached by an intervention.
Coverage
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Genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a worm population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose.
Drug Resistance
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Effect of a drug against an infective agent in deal experimental conditions and isolated form of any context.
⮚ Performance of intervention under ideal or control circumstances mostly used in research or in trial.
⮚It answers the question Is the drug working or not?
Efficacy
114
Measure of the effect of a drug against infective agent in a particular host, living in a particular environment with specific ecological, immunological, and epidemiological determinants.
It answers the question Is the drug working or not? Is it effective or safe?
Effectiveness
115
Prevention and Control
❖ Morbidity Control
❖ Information-education-communication (IEC)
❖ Environmental management
❖ Environmental sanitation
❖ Sanitation
116
Avoidance of illness caused by infections, may be achieved by periodically deworming individuals or groups, known to be at risk of morbidity.
Targeted treatment may be given
Morbidity Control
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Health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices.
Information-education-communication (IEC)
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Planning, organization, performance and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings
Preventing or minimizing vector and intermediate host propagation
Reducing contact between humans and the infective agent
Environmental management
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Intervention to reduce environmental health risk.
Safe disposal and hygienic management of human and animal excreta, refuse and waste water.
Control of vectors, intermediate host and reservoir of diseases.
Provision of safe drinking water and food safety.
Housing that is adequate in terms of location, quality of shelter and indoor living conditions.
Facilities for personal and domestic hygiene.
Safe and healthy working conditions.
Environmental sanitation
120
Provision to access to adequate facilities for safe disposal of human excreta, usually combined with access to safe drinking water.
Sanitation
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Eradication and Elimination
❖ Disease eradication
❖ Disease elimination
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Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate effort. Once this is achieved, continued measures are no longer needed (ex. Smallpox)
Disease Eradication
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Disease elimination: reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate effort. Continued intervention and surveillance are still required.
Disease Elimination
