Introduction to Pathology

Question 1

FOUR ASPECTS OF THE DISEASE PROCESS

Answer 1

Etiology, pathogenesis, molecular and morphological changes, clinical manifestations

Question 2

2 major classes of etiology

Answer 2

Genetic, acquired

Question 3

are reversible functional and structural responses to more severe physiologic stresses and some pathologic stimuli, during which new but altered steady states are achieved, allowing the cell to survive and continue to function

Answer 3

Adaptations

Question 4

Age when the growth hormone stops

Answer 4

20 s

Question 5

CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS

Answer 5

• Hyperplasia, hypertrophy
• Atrophy
• Metaplasia

Question 6

Cellular response

Answer 6

Cellular adaptations, cell injury, intracellular accumulations; calcification, cellular aging

Question 7

the end result of progressive cell injury

Answer 7

Cell death

Question 8

Two principal pathways

Answer 8

Necrosis, apoptosis

Question 9

refers to an increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.

Answer 9

Hypertrophy

Question 10

The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle is

Answer 10

Increased workload

Question 11

is the result of increased production of cellular proteins

Answer 11

Hypertrophy

Question 12

is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in increased mass of the organ or tissue.

Answer 12

Hyperplasia

Question 13

increases the functional capacity of a tissue when needed

Answer 13

Hormonal hyperplasia

Question 14

increases tissue mass after damage or partial resection.

Answer 14

Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 15

excesses of hormones or growth factors acting on target cells

Answer 15

Hyperplasia

Question 16

constitutes a fertile soil in which cancerous proliferation may eventually arise.

Answer 16

Pathologic hyperplasia

Question 17

is reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number

Answer 17

Atrophy

Question 18

is common during normal development.

Answer 18

Physiologic atrophy

Question 19

embryonic structures, undergo atrophy during fetal development

Answer 19

Notochord and thyroglossal duct

Question 20

Decreased workload

Answer 20

Atrophy of disuse

Question 21

Loss of innervation

Answer 21

denervation atrophy

Question 22

Diminished blood supply

Answer 22

Senile atrophy

Question 23

Diminished blood supply

Answer 23

Senile atrophy

Question 24

Inadequate nutrition

Answer 24

Marasmus, cachexia

Question 25

Atrophy results from

Answer 25

decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells.

Question 26

is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type.

Answer 26

Metaplasia

Question 27

The influences that predispose to metaplasia, if persistent, may initiate

Answer 27

malignant transformation in metaplastic epithelium.

Question 28

the architecture of dead tissues is preserved for a span of at least some days

Answer 28

Coagulate necrosis

Question 29

the architecture of dead tissues is preserved for a span of at least some days

Answer 29

Coagulative necrosis

Question 30

A localized area of coagulative necrosis is called

Answer 30

Infarct

Question 31

characterized by digestion of the dead cells, resulting in transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass.

Answer 31

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 32

The necrotic material is frequently creamy yellow because of the presence of dead leukocytes and is called

Answer 32

Pus

Question 33

usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply and has undergone necrosis (typically coagulative necrosis) involving multiple tissue planes.

Answer 33

Gangrenous necrosis

Question 34

encountered most often in foci of tuberculous infection

Answer 34

Caseous necrosis

Question 35

appears as a collection of fragmented or lysed cells and amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border;

Answer 35

necrotic area

Question 36

this appearance is characteristic of a focus of inflammation known as a

Answer 36

granuloma

Question 37

Refers to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from release of activated pancreatic lipases into the substance of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity.

Answer 37

Fat necrosis

Question 38

seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels. This pattern of necrosis typically occurs when complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of arteries.

Answer 38

Fibroid necrosis

Question 39

chemical species that have a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit.

Answer 39

Free radicals

Question 40

Energy created by this unstable configuration is released through reactions with adjacent molecules, such as inorganic or organic chemicals-proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids-many of which are key components of cell membranes and nuclei

Answer 40

Free radicals

Question 41

describe abnormal accumulations of triglycerides within parenchymal cells.

Answer 41

steatosis and fatty change

Question 42

may result from excessive entry or defective metabolism and export of lipids

Answer 42

Excess accumulation of triglycerides within the liver