Introduction to Pharmacology

Question 1

What are the reason for failure of medicine?

Answer 1

• Poor knowledge
• Lack of experimentations and observations
• Close relationship between religion and treatment of disease

Question 2

In what century does “Experimental Physiology & Pharmacology” was devised?

Answer 2

18th Century

Question 3

Who devised the “Experimental Physiology & Pharmacology”?

Answer 3

Francois Magendie & Claude Bernard

Question 4

In what century was simultaneous developments in botany, zoology, chemistry, & physiology happened?

Answer 4

18th Century

Question 5

In what century and event does usage of morphine was known?

Answer 5

19th Century during the American Civil War

Question 6

What are the drugs that were completely unregulated and prescribed freely by the physicians for a wide variety of ailments during the 19th century?

Answer 6

• Morphine
• Laudanum
• Cocaine
• Heroin

Question 7

In what century these events happened:

• Various US laws has been established to address drug addiction
• Nutritional deficiencies has been addressed
• Numerous vaccine discoveries

Answer 7

20th Century

Question 8

In what century was rapid growth of information and understanding of the molecular basis for drug action happened?

Answer 8

21st Century

Question 9

Founder of Modern Pharmacology

Answer 9

Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838 - 1921)

Question 10

Who introduced cocaine as a local anesthetic into surgical procedures

Answer 10

Carl Koller

Question 11

Safeguard the integrity of its territory and the well-being of its citizen from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs

(Drug Laws/Regulations)

Answer 11

RA 9165: Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002

Question 12

Creation of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

Drug Laws/Regulations

Answer 12

EO 218

Question 13

An act to promote, require, and ensure the production of an adequate supply, distribution, use and acceptance of drugs and medicines identified by their generic names

(Drug Laws/Regulations)

Answer 13

Republic Act of 6675

Generics Act of 1988

Question 14

An act of providing for cheaper and quality medicines, amending Republic Act no. 6675 or the Generic Act of 1988 etc.

(Drug Laws/Regulations)

Answer 14

Republic Act 9502

Cheaper Medicine Act of 2008

Question 15

The study how various dosage forms influence the way which drug affects the body

Answer 15

PHARMACEUTICS

Question 16

Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.

Answer 16

PHARMACOKINETICS

Question 17

What are the process involved in pharmacokinetics?

in order

Answer 17

• Liberation/Dissolution
• Absorption
• Distribution
• Metabolism
• Excretion

Question 18

Also known as dissolution. Dissolving drugs into smaller particles to be absorbed by the body.

Answer 18

Liberation

Question 19

Movement of drug form site of administration to blood stream

Answer 19

Absorption

Question 20

Fraction of administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation

Answer 20

Bioavailability

Question 21

What are the factors affecting bioavailability?

Answer 21

• Drug Form
• Route of Administration
• Mucosal Integrity and Motility
• Food
• Disease

Question 22

Metabolism of drug by the liver before reaching systemic circulation

Answer 22

First-Pass Metabolism

Question 23

Process wherein drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and enters the target organs

Answer 23

Distribution

Question 24

What are the factors affecting the process of distribution?

Answer 24

• Size of Organ
• Blood Flow
• Solubility
• Protein Binding

Question 25

It is usually the free (unbound) form of the drug that can exert pharmacological activity. Free or unbound drug = active

Answer 25

Protein Binding

Question 26

Common Blood Proteins that Drugs Bind

Answer 26

- Albumin - Lipoprotein - Glycoprotein - Globulins

Question 27

It is the volume at which drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce an observed blood concentration.

Answer 27

Volume of Drug Distribution (Vd)

Question 28

A highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells preventing solutes from non-selectively crossing into the extracellular fluid of CNS where neurons reside.

Answer 28

Blood-Brain Barrier

Question 29

It is the chemical alteration of chemicals such as nutrients, amino acids, toxins, and drugs in the body.

Answer 29

Metabolism

Question 30

It is the primary site of metabolism. It metabolizes lipid soluble drugs into water-soluble drugs for excretion.

Answer 30

Liver

Question 31

The time it take for one-half of the drug concentration to be eliminated.

Answer 31

Half-life

Question 32

The termination of drug action

Answer 32

Excretion

Question 33

Computation of renal function

Answer 33

Creatinine Clearance

Question 34

It talks about the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs. The study of drug's mechanism of action.

Answer 34

Pharmacodynamics

Question 35

What are the drug responses?

Answer 35

- Tachyphylaxis - Placebo Effect - Therapeutic Index - Side Effect vs Adverse Effect - Toxic Effect

Question 36

It is the margin of safety (or quantitative measurement) that exists between the dose of a drug that produces the desired effect and the dose that produces unwanted and possibly dangerous side effects.

Answer 36

Therapeutic Index

Question 37

It is the failure to achieve or maintain desired therapeutic effect of a drug.

Answer 37

Therapeutic Failure