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PCOL211 - Pharmacology > Introduction To Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction To Pharmacology Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What are the divisions of Pharmacology

4PCNET

A
  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Neuropharmacology
  • Pharmacogenetics/-genomics
  • Pharmacoepidemiology
  • Toxicology
  • Posology
  • Pharmacognosy
  • Environmental Pharmacology
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2
Q

Division that encompasses all aspects of the relationship between drugs and humans

A

Clinical Pharmacology

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3
Q

Division pf pharmacology under the discipline of neuroscience that aims to understand the actions of drugs on neurobiological processes in the mammalian nervous system

A

Neuropharmacology

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4
Q

Division that studies genetic causes of individual variations in drug response or simultaneous impact of multiple mutations in the genome that may determine the patient’s response to drug therapy.

A

Pharmacogenetics/Pharmacogenomics

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5
Q

Division that focuses on the utilization and effects of drugs in large numbers of people (usually as a part of post-marketing surveillance)

A

Pharmacoepidemiology

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6
Q

Division of pharmacology that studies the mechanisms by which drugs and chemicals in the environment produce unwanted effects (Toxic dose)

A

Toxicology

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7
Q

Division of pharmacology that is concerned with drug dosage, response, and toxicity

A

Posology

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8
Q

Division that studies drugs obtained from natural resources including plants, microbes, animal tissues, and minerals

A

Pharmacognosy

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9
Q

Division that focuses on the knowledge, study and the methods implemented for amalgamating the presence of pharmaceutical products and their metabolites in the environment

A

Environmental pharmacology

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10
Q

By this time, pharmacy is already an established profession where apothecaries mix and sell their own medicine to cater both medical practitioners and street costumers

A

17th century

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11
Q

These are substances that bring about change in biologic function through chemical actions. These are used in the prevention, diagnosis, mitigation, and treatment of diseases.

A

Drugs

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12
Q

Size variations of drugs according to molecular weight

A

MW 7 (Li) to MW 50,000 (thromolytic enzymes and proteins)

most drugs are between MW 100 - 1000

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13
Q

At what sizes of drugs can they be considered rarely selective or poorly absorbed by the body?

A

Rarely selective = less than 100
Poorly ABS and DIS = greater than 10000

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14
Q

Order of Drug Receptor Bonds according to strength from strongest to weakest

CIHV

A
  1. Covalent bond (irreversible)
  2. Ionic bond (electrostatic)
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Van der Waals
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15
Q

How are drugs named?

A

by Chemical, Generic, and Trade

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16
Q

Generic or nonproprietyary names follow conventions set by what institutions

INN USAN

A
  • International Nonproprietary Names (INN)
  • United States Adopted Name (USAN)
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17
Q

What are the classifications of drugs according to use?

FRDC

A

Functional Modifiers
Replenishers
Diagnostic Agents
Chemotherapeutic Agents

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18
Q

These drugs supplement endogenous substances that are lacking or deficient in the body.

A

**REPLENISHER DRUGS **
* Hormones (Insulin),
* Multivitamins,
* IV fluids, Electrolytes, Oral Rehydration Salts,
* Vit B12 (pernicious anemia)

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19
Q

These drugs alter or modulate body functions and processes

A

FUNCTION MODIFIER DRUGS
[Analgesics, Anti-pyretic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-hypertensive]

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20
Q

These are agents used to determine any presence or absence of a condition or disease.

A

DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS
* Edrophonium (Tensilon),
* Histamine,
* Radiopharmaceuticals,
* Barium Sulfate (BaSO4),
* Dobutamine and Dipyridamole (Pharmacologic Stress Test for cardiac diseases)

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21
Q

Tensilon test is a diagnostic test used to evaluate what disease?

A

myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness)

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22
Q

These are agents that kill or inhibit growth of cells or nucleic acid considered as foreign to the body

Selective Toxicity considered

A

Chemotherapeutic Agents
* Anti-infectives
* Antineoplastics

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23
Q

Branch of pharmacology that studies the fate of drugs in the body or the effect the organism has on the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

LADMERT

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24
Q

Branch of pharmacology that studies the action of the drug on the organism

A

Pharmacodynamics

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25
This is the way in which the body handles the drug | how drugs enter/exit the body and how concentrations change over time
Drug disposition
26
pertains to the release of AI from the dosage form
Liberation | Disintegration & Dissolution
27
Factors influencing dissolution | SSSC
* Surface area * Salt forms * State of Hydration * Crystal or Amorphous form
28
The rate and extent of drug entry **into the systemic circulation**
Absorption
29
What are the factors affecting absorption? | GFRET PADDDS
* size of dose administered * degree of perfusion in the absorbing environment * areas of absorbing surface * pH of absorbing environment * gastric emptying time * dosage form * drug solubility * First pass effect * enterohepatic recycling * route of administration * transport mechanisms
30
Aspirin is an acidic drug. In the stomach, will it exist mostly in ionized or non-ionized form?
**Non-ionized**. Aspirin is a weak acid and it tends to ionize (give up a H atom) in an aqueous medium at high pH. In a low pH environment like the stomach (pH =2), aspirin is predominantly unionized and crosses membranes into the blood vessels readily. | non-ionized = absorbed; aspirin is absorbed in the stomach
31
To increase the absorption of a basic drug... To decrease the absorption of an acidic drug
alkanize the environment
32
To increase the absorption of a acidic drug... To decrease the absorption of an basic drug
acidize the environment
33
What are the factors affecting the **increase** of gastric emptying time? | GLDSHH
Stress *Heavy* exercise Gastric ulcers *Hot* Food Lying on the *left side* Drugs *inhibiting* gastric motility (Lopermide)
34
What are the factors that **decrease** the gastric emptying time | GDMCRE
* Gastrectomy * *Mild* excercise * Diabetes mellitus * *Cold* food/drinks * Lying on the *right side* * Motility *enhancing* drugs (bisacodyl)
35
What type of dosage form undergoes liberation and what skips it?
solid dosage forms = liberates solutions = direct to ABS
36
A phenomenon in which a **drug gets metabolized** at a specific location in the body that results in a reduced concentration of the active drug upon reaching its site of action or the systemic circulation
First-pass Effect
37
This happens when some of the drugs that travel intact through the biliary tract after 1st ABS are **reabsorbed into the bloodstream** through the intestine
Enterohepatic recycling
38
These are the means of movement of drug molecule across cell membrane
Transport mechanism
39
What are the different modes or mechanisms of drug transport? | PCCVI
* Passive Diffusion * Carrier-mediated Transport * Convective Transport * Vesicular Transport * Ion-Pair Transport
40
molecules that can be transported through **convective (pore) transport**
* organic and inorganic electrolytes (150 - 400 MW) * ions of opposite charge * ionized sulfonamides
41
molecules that are transported through **bulk** or **vesicular transport**
* fats, glycerin, starch, * parasite eggs and yeast cells * plastic particles * hairs * *Ferritin and insulin*
42
molecules that are transported by **ion-pair transport**
QACs (+) and Mucin (-) | uncharged = easily absorbed through cell membrane
43
the process of transport of drug from the *bloodstream to the site of action*; drug passed into different tissues and fluid compartments of the body
Distribution
44
Parameters of Distribution | Vanilla Pumpkin Beer
Volume of Distribution Protein Binding Blood Brain and Placental Barrier
45
Physiocologic factors affecting Distribution
* Cardiac Output * Regional Blood Flow
46
the* hypothetical* volume of body fluid **required to dissolve a given amt of dose** of drug to achieve conc = drug plasma conc
Volume of Distribution
47
Distribution of basic drugs vs acidic drugs
Acidic drugs (highly protein-bounded) = low VD Basic drugs (extensively taken up by tissues) = high VD | A: chlorpropamide, tolbutamide B: chloroquine, atropine, raloxifene
48
Phenomenon when drug combines with plasma, particularly albumin, or tissue protein to form a complex
Protein binding
49
Each protein binders bind to? * albumin * alpha acid glycoprotein * lipoproteins * globulin * erythrocytes
* albumin = acidic drugs * alpha acid glycoprotein = basic drugs * lipoproteins = lipids and proteins * globulin = hormones * erythrocytes = exo/endogenous compounds
50
Types of hormones that bind to each type of globulin * alpha 1 * alpha 2 * beta 1 * beta 2 * gamma
* alpha 1 = steroidal drugs * alpha 2 (ceruloplasmin) = Vit ADEK * beta 1 (transferrin) = ferrous ion * beta 2 = carotinoid * gamma = antigen
51
Factors affecting protein binding
1. drug 2. protein 3. protein affinity to the drug 4. drug interactions 5. patient's physiologic condition
52
What type of drugs can permeate the blood brain barrier?
Lipid-soluble drugs with very low molecular weight
53
pertains to the proportion of drug delivered to the site of action in the body
Bioavailability
54
Tuberculosis Tx; undergoes PhII first before PhI
Isoniazid
55
Why is metabolism important? give its purpose
* increase water solubility * detoxify * terminate pharmacological effect of the drug
56
the time required for any specified property (e.g. the concentration of a substance in the body) to*** decrease by half***
Half Life
57
drugs that decrease metabolic activity of enzymes to increase pharmacologic action of co-administered drugs
Enzyme inhibitors | static as cement
58
Examples of Enzyme inhibitors | CKCDAG
* Isoniazid * Cimetidine * Ketoconazole * Chloramphenicol * Disulfiram * Grapefruit Juice * Acute Alcoholism
59
Drugs that increase metabolic activity of an enzyme, decreasing the pharmacologic action of co-administered drugs | CarbaPhenPhen SCARifamp
Enzyme Inducers | fast movers
60
Examples of enzyme inducers | CarbaPhenPhen SCARifamp
* Carbamazepine * Phenobarbital * Phenytoin * Rifampicin * Griseofulvin * Chronic Alcoholism * Smoking
61
Metabolism that **polarizes drugs** (more water soluble), and adds a chemically reactive *functional group* (-OH, -SH, -NH2) permitting conjugation in Phase 2; | Functionalization Rxn
Phase 1 Metabolism | Oxidation Reduction Hydrolysis
62
PH1 add oxygen or hydroxyl | ROH
oxidation | CYP450 - Iron
63
Non CYP 450 mediated kinemelins
64
Azo N=N
65
After phase 1, this is where an endogenous compound such as **SO4)2, glucuronic acid, glycine, or glutamine,** is added that increases polarity further | Conjugation Reactions
Phase 2 metabolism Detoxification - GSH
66
Purposes of Phase 2 Metaolism
* Detoxification * Terminate pharmacologic activity * increase water solubility
67
phase 2 reactions that terminate pcol activity
Methylation and Acetylation
68
This is a detoxifying agent that combines itself to chemically reactive compounds to prevent damage to DNA, RNA, and proteins
Glutathione (GSH) | composed of glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid
69
Glucuronidation
70
inability of newborns to conjugate bilirubin with glucuronic acid
neonatal hyper-bili-tubi-nemia
71
due to the inability to metabolize chloramphenicol of babies
Gray Baby Syndrome
72
Toxic metabolite of Paracetamol | NAPQI
N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
73
disease due to inability to acetylize drugs

PCOL211 - Pharmacology (3 decks)

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