Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards by Hannan Suhaimi

DEFINITION

Definition for Pharmacology

the science that deals with the origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs

Pharmacology = Drugs

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PHARMACOLOGY

Others in Pharmacology

4 “Pharma..” and 1 “…cology”

pharmacognosy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, toxicology

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PHARMACOLOGY

Deals with all drugs used in society today

“two related things in differentiate”

legal or illegal, including prescription, or non-prescription or over-the-counter medications

OTC refers to medications that you can get from the counter
e.g.panadol

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SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacokinetics

B to the D

4 “Pharm…”, 1 “…cology”

study on what the body does to the drug

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SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacodynamics

D to the B

4 “Pharma…”, 3 “…cology”

study on what the drug does to the body

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SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacotherapeutics

4 “Pharm…”, 1 “…cology”

using drugs to treat diseases

therapeutics - (therapy)

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SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacognosy

4 “Pharm…”, 1 “…cology”

study on medicines derived from natural sources

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SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

Toxicology

4 “Pharm…”, 1 “…cology”

study on poison and drug toxicity

toxic stuffs…

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DEFINITION

Drug

any substance used in the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of a disease or condition

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DEFINITION

“drug” derived from old french word

similar word

“drogue”

old french word ulala

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DEFINITION

“drogue” means

old french word for “drug”

dry herb

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DRUG

been used interchangeably with

3 points, 2 similar point

medicine, pharmaceutical product, pharmaceuticals

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DRUG (THE USE)

Example for diagnosis

1. Diagnosis

Barium salts

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DRUG (THE USE)

Example for prevention

(2) Prevention

vaccines, chemoprophylaxis

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DRUG (The use)

Example for treatment

(3) treatment

Antiretroviral drugs

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DRUG (The Use)

Example for Cure

(4) Cure

Antibiotics

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DRUG (The Use)

Example for Alteration of physiological processes

(5) Alteration of physiological processes

hormones, and their derivatives

derivatives = insulin, GH, contraceptives

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DRUG

Effects that altering biological functions when a drug is administered or introduced into a living organism

2 POINTS ALTERING BIOLOGICAL

prove useful in the treatment of disease
may causes disease

therapeutic application

toxicity

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SOURCES OF DRUGS

EIGHT sources of drugs

P.A.M.M.M.S.S.B

*3 points from below similar

plant
animal
microbial
mineral
synthetic/chemical derivitative
semi-synthetic
biosynthetic

(7) *genetically engineered drugs

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SOURCE OF DRUGS

Plant Sources

many plants have medicinal qualities and have been used for

100 years

Oldest source of drugs

centuries

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SOURCE OF DRUGS

Plant Sources

Parts that have been used

leaves, barks, fruits, roots, stem, wood, seeds, blossoms, bulb, etc.

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SOURCE OF DRUGS

Plant Sources

Ground leaves or bark, boiled concoctions or powdered sap

Where the product is used without further processing

crude drug

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SOURCE OF DRUGS

Plant Sources

Examples drugs from plants

digoxin, vincristine, atrophine, tubocurarine, nicotine

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SOURCES OF DRUGS

Animal Sources

medical substances are often derived from the

Many important drugs are derived from animal source

animal’s body secretions, fluid or glands

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# SOURCE OF DRUGS **Animal Sources** Examples drugs from animal sources

insulin, heparin, adrenaline, thyroxin, cod liver oil, musk, human chorionic gonadotropin, beeswax, enzymes, and immunoglobulins

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Microbial Sources** Several life-saving drugs have been historically derived from

microorganisms

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Microbial Sources** Example from Microbial Sources | P from *Pennicillium notatum* (fungus) ## Footnote S,C,N from *Streptomyces sp.* ; B from *Bacillus subtilis*

penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, neomycin, bacitracin

# SOUCES OF DRUGS **Marine source** extensive past and present use in the prevention, treatment or cure of many diseases

bioactive compounds from marine flora and fauna

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Marine source** produce biologically potent chemicals with interesting anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anticancer activity

coral, sponges, fish, and marine microorganisms

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Mineral Sources** Minerals that have been used as drugs since ancient times | M and M

metallic and non-metallic minerals

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Minerals Sources** Body requires trace of elements of minerals

to maintain homeostasis

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Mineral Sources** Ferrous sulfate | Example ## Footnote one sickness related to blood

anemia

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Mineral Drugs** Magnesium sulphate

purgative

# SOURCES OF DRUGS Mineral Sources Magnesium trisilicate, aluminium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate

antacids

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Marine Sources** Zinc oxide ointment

skin protectant

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Marine Sources** gold salts

anti-inflammatory in rheumatoid arthritis

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Marine Sources** Selenium

anti-dandruff

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Synthetic/chemical derivative** synthetic drug is produces using

chemical synthesis

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Synthetic/chemical derivative** majority of drugs used in clinical pratice are exclusively prepared synthetically in

pharmaceutical and chemical laboratory

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Synthetic/chemical derivative** synthetically manufactured drugs generally have higher yeilds that are significantly assosiated with

quality, purity, and low cost

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Synthetic/chemical derivative** example of synthetic drugs

sulfonamides, aspirin, paracetamol

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Semi-synthetic Sources** Known as

hybrid drugs

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Semi-synthetic sources** hybrid drugs are generally made by

chemically modifying substances

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Semi-synthetic sources** chemically modifying substances that are available from

natural sources

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Semi-synthetic sources** natural source used to improve its

potensy, efficacy and/or reduce side effects

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Semi-synthetic sources** used to prepare drugs when may

yield impure compounds, the sythesis of drugs (complex molecules) be difficult, expensive, and commercially unviable

# SOURCES OF DRUGS **Semi-synthetic sources** Examples of semi-synthetic medicine

heroin from morphine, ampicillin from penicillin

# SOURCES OF DRUGS new fields which is being developed by mixing discoveries from ## Footnote **Biosynthetic Sources** **(genetically engineered drugs)**

molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, DNA alternation, gene splicing, immunology, and immune pharmacology

# SOURCES OF DRUGS drugs developed using ## Footnote **Biosynthetic Sources** **(genetically engineered drugs)**

living organisms

# SOURCES OF DRUGS drugs developed using living organisms with the help of ## Footnote **Biosynthetic Sources** **(genetically engineered drugs)**

biotechnology or genetic engineering ## Footnote biologics, biopharmaceuticals

# DRUG NOMENCLATURE drugs has 3 names

* chemical name * generic name * trade name/brand name

# DRUG NOMENCLATURE precise description of its | Chemical Name

chemical contituents and the arragement and position of atoms or atomic groups

# DRUG NOMENCLATURE Difficulties of Chemical Name to remember | Chemical name

long and too cumbersome

# DRUG NOMENCLATURE important to ## Footnote Chemical Name

chemists, pharmacists, researchers who work with drugs at the chemical level

# DRUG NUMENCLATURE drugs know by | Generic name

generic/non-proprietary/official names

# DRUG NOMENCLATURE drug is described in | Generic Name

official books of reference like pharmacopoeias

# DRUG NOMENCLATURE determined by the | Generic Name

pharmaceutical company along with a special organization ## Footnote e.g., U.S. Adopted Names Council (USAN)

# DRUG NOMENCLATURE different countries, different names for the same drug | Generic Name ## Footnote U.K dan U.S.A

Paracetamol in U.K. and Acetominophen in U.S.A

# DRUG NOMENCLATURE known as | Trade Name/Brand Name

proprietary name

# DRUG NOMENCLATURE name given to a drug by its | Trade Name/Brand Name

manufacturer

# DRUG NOMECLATURE can become a | Trade Name/Brand Name

registered trademark ## Footnote the only one who can advertise and market the drug under that name

# DRUG NOMENCLATURE Chemical Name | Paracetamol (Panadol) ## Footnote *long and too cumbersome*

- N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide

Generic Name | Paracetamol (Panadol)

Paracetamol ## Footnote or Acetaminophen

Trade Name | Paracetamol (Panadol) ## Footnote Most common name used

Panadol

Chemical Name | Mefenemic Acid (Ponstan) ## Footnote *Long and too cumbersome*

2-(2,3-dimethylphenyl) aminobenzoic acid

Generic Name | Mefenemic Acid (Ponstan)

Mefenemic Acid

Trade Name | Mefenemic Acid (Ponstan) ## Footnote *Common Name*

Ponstan

# CATOGORIES OF DRUGS Drugs are catogorized as | 2 POINTS

1. prescription drugs 2. non-prescription drugs (OTC)

# CATEGORIES OF DRUGS Known as | Prescription Drugs

poison/controlled medicine

# CATEGORIES OF DRUGS bought in pharmacy with a prescription from a | Prescription Drugs

doctor, dentist, veterinary surgeon

# CATEGORIES OF DRUGS Reasons why drugs are controlled by prescription | Prescription Drugs

* habit-forming * not safe for self-medication * intended to treat ailments that require the supervisions of a health professional * new and without an established safe track record

# CATEGORIES OF DRUGS also known as | Non-prescription Drugs ## Footnote *can be bought off the shelves in stores*

Over-the-Counter (OTC) drugs ## Footnote e.g., panadol

# CATEGORIES OF DRUGS OTC products generally have a | Non-prescription Drugs

greater margin of safety than their prescription counterparts ## Footnote *but can somtimes be abused*

# CATEGORIES OF DRUGS More than one-third of the time people treat their routine health problem with | Non-prescription Drugs ## Footnote ailments

OTC medications ## Footnote *to receive symtomatic relief from their ailments*

# DRUG CLASSIFICATION Classified from a few prespective

1. clinical indication 2. pharmocological action 3. body system 4. chemical classfications ## Footnote EXAMPLE 1. Bronchodilator drugs, angina drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-hypertensive 2. diuretics, calsium channel blockers, beta-blockers 3. CNS Drugs, cardiovascular Drugs 4. Statins, sulfonamides, penicillins

# DRUG CLASSIFICATION

Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

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