Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes

Question 2

Cells

Answer 2

Smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out life processes

Question 3

Tissue

Answer 3

Collection of cells carrying out related functions

Question 4

Organ

Answer 4

Formation of tissues into a structural and functional unit

Question 5

Organ System

Answer 5

integrated groups of organs

Question 6

Emergent Properties

Answer 6

Properties of a complex system that cannot be explained by a knowledge of a systems individual components

Question 7

Examples of Emergent Properties

Answer 7

Emotion or intelligence in humans cannot be predicted from knowing the individual properties of nerve cells

Question 8

Teleological Approach

Answer 8

Function or “Why”

Question 9

Example of a Teleological Approach

Answer 9

Why do red blood cells transport oxygen?

Question 10

Mechanistic Approach

Answer 10

Mechanism or “How”

Question 11

Example of mechanistic approach

Answer 11

How do red blood cells transport oxygen?

Question 12

Physiology focuses on

Answer 12

Mechanistic Approach

Question 13

Homeostasis

Answer 13

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite exposure of external variability

Question 14

Two main principles of physiology

Answer 14

Homeostasis and regulation of the internal environment are key principles in physiology

Question 15

homeo

Answer 15

like or similar

Question 16

homo

Answer 16

same

Question 17

Stasis

Answer 17

condition(not a static state)

Question 18

What is considered as the internal environment of the body

Answer 18

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Question 19

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Answer 19

Surrounding cells is a buffer between cells and the external environment

Question 20

Dynamic Steady State

Answer 20

Materials constantly moving back and forth

Question 21

Law of mass balance

Answer 21

If the amount of s substance in the body is to the remain constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss

Question 22

Two types of control systems for Homeostasis

Answer 22

Local
Reflex

Question 23

Steps for a control system

Answer 23

Input signal - Integrating Center - Output Signal - Response

Question 24

Local Control

Answer 24

Restricted to tissues or cells involved - Distinct to a small area

Question 25

Example of local control

Answer 25

Key: Very Picky and localized
Active cells - Reduced O2 Levels
Endothelial cells send local signals
O2 levels in tissue restored

Question 26

Reflex Control

Answer 26

Uses long distance signalling
Changes widespread throughout the body (systemic) use more complex control systems to maintain homeostasis

Question 27

Two parts of Reflex control

Answer 27

Response loop
Feedback loop

Question 28

What parts does the Reflex control system use

Answer 28

Response loop
Feedback loop

Question 29

Which systems does the reflex control use

Answer 29

Nervous and Endocrine as they are long distance systems

Question 30

Response loop

Answer 30

Stimulus - Response

Question 31

Feedback loop

Answer 31

Modulates the response loop
Feeds back to ultimately influence the input ; so changes the stimulus

Question 32

Types of Feedback loop

Answer 32

Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Feedforward control

Question 33

Negative Feedback Loops

Answer 33

A pathway in which the response opposes or removes the stimulus signal is known as negative feedback
Stabilizes a system
Homeostatic
Can restore the initial state but cannot prevent the initial disturbance

Question 34

Positive Feedback loops

Answer 34

Are not homeostatic
Increases the stimulus through the response
Example: Cervical stretch