Introduction to Professional Orientation and Ethical Practice

Question 1

When did counseling begin?

Answer 1

the counseling profession had its genesis in the late 1800s with vocational guidance.

Question 2

Who is Frank Parsons?

Answer 2

Parsons, heralded as the founder of vocational guidance, opens the Bureau of Vocational Guidance in Boston, which helps match individuals with suitable careers based on their skills and personal traits.

Question 3

Who wrote Choosing a Vocation?

Answer 3

Frank Parsons

Question 4

When was the National Vocational Guidance Association founded?

Answer 4

1913

Question 5

Who founded the first outpatient clinic in America?

Answer 5

Clifford Beers. It was founded in New Haven Connecticut.

Question 6

Who created the Minnesota Point of View?

Answer 6

E.G. Williamson

Question 7

What is the Wagner O’Day Act?

Answer 7

Creates US employment services to aid the unemployed in finding work through vocational guidance.

Question 8

When did counseling begin to see an uptick in popularity?

Answer 8

1940s and 1950s

• Carl Rogers’ humanistic approach to psychology gains widespread support in the counseling profession.
• Soldiers return home after World War II and increase the need for counseling, readjustment, and rehabilitation services.
• Increased numbers of counselors begin working full-time at postsecondary educational institutions, community agencies, and vocational rehabilitation centers.
• More associations sprout up to help new counseling specializations form a unified and professional identity.

Question 9

When did the American Counseling Association form?

Answer 9

1952

It started as the American Personnel and Guidance Association

Question 10

When did the NCDA get founded?

Answer 10

1952. It was originally named the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA;). Now it’s the National Career Development Association [NCDA])

Question 11

When was ASCA formed?

Answer 11

1952—The American School Counselor Association (ASCA)

Question 12

When was the National Defense Education Act passed?

Answer 12

1958—Congress passes the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) in response to the launch of the Sputnik satellite in 1957, which signaled that the Russians were leading in the Space Race. The NDEA provides schools with increased funds to improve their curriculum and hire school counselors to pick out students showing promise in math and science.

Question 13

What is the Code of Ethics?

Answer 13

provides counselors with mandatory ethics rules they must follow and aspirational ethics rules they should follow if they want to meet the highest standards of professional practice and conduct

Question 14

FAMILY EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS AND PRIVACY ACT (FERPA)

Answer 14

(FERPA) Enacted in 1974, the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), also known as the Buckley Amendment, is a federal law that affects any counselor who works in an educational setting that receives funding from the U.S. Department of Education

Question 15

Parent rights under FERPA

Answer 15

the rights of parents (if the child is a minor) and nonminor students to access and examine the educational record, petition to have incorrect information found in the record amended and ensure that certain information is not released to outside agencies without permission.

Question 16

Rights of parents to child’s educational information

Answer 16

Parents have the right to access their children’s educational information until the child is 18 years old or begins college, whichever comes first, at which point the rights shift to the student.

Question 17

Counselor notes and FERPA

Answer 17

Professional counselors’ personal notes on students, considered an expansion of the counselor’s memory that are kept separate from the educational record in a secure location, are considered confidential

Students and parents do not have the right to access counselors’ personal notes. That said, general counseling case notes may be considered part of a student’s educational record, depending on the state.

Question 18

INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION IMPROVEMENT ACT (IDEA)

Answer 18

A civil rights law passed to guarantee that students with disabilities receive the services they need to gain the benefits of education.

Question 19

Free appropriate public education (FAPE)

Answer 19

All students with disabilities must be given free appropriate public education (FAPE) that addresses their individual needs and helps ready them for higher levels of education or employment.

Question 20

individualized education plan (IEP)

Answer 20

A student’s IEP delineates what services the student will receive; when and how often; and goals for the student’s learning, which are updated and reviewed yearly.

Question 21

Least restrictive environment (LRE),

Answer 21

each student’s IEP ensure that the child receive the benefits of education in the least restrictive environment (LRE), which was mandated to allow as many students as possible to remain in regular classrooms if their needs could be met there with only limited accommodation.

Question 22

U.S. REHABILITATION ACT OF 1973 (SECTION 504)

Answer 22

civil rights act, protects individuals with disabilities from being discriminated against or denied equal access to services and opportunities because of their disability

Question 23

504 requirement

Answer 23

Physical or psychological impairment that substantially limits at least one major life activity. Consideration, individuals must also be viewed as having the disability or have documentation of the disability, and it must interfere with their ability to meet their needs.

Question 24

HEALTH INSURANCE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT (HIPAA)

Answer 24

Health organizations must secure all PHI from unauthorized individuals and organizations.

Question 25

PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT OF 2010 Commonly referred to as the Affordable Care Act

Answer 25

mandates coverage of preventive health services such as depression, substance use, and HIV screenings; smoking cessation screenings; obesity screening and counseling, domestic violence screening and counseling; and behavioral assessments. Health insurance companies, with the exception of grandfathered plans, cannot deny or charge more to individuals due to a pre-existing health condition

Question 26

MENTAL HEALTH PARITY AND ADDICTION EQUITY ACT

Answer 26

requires insurance companies offering coverage for mental health and substance use related services to make that coverage comparable to general medical coverage.

Question 27

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA)

Answer 27

defines child abuse and neglect as “Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm”

Question 28

Suspected Child abuse

Answer 28

Any counselor who suspects child abuse or neglect is required by law to report the suspicion to the local child protective services (CPS) agency within 72 hours from the time of first awareness of the potentially abusive or neglectful event

Question 29

COUNSELING MINORS

Answer 29

When counseling minors, particularly in a nonschool setting, it is crucial for counselors to obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardian and assent, or agreement, of minors before any counseling begins.

Question 30

Rights parents have to information about counseling sessions when minors are being counseled

Answer 30

All counselors should note that although, ethically, the child (if under the age of 18 years) should be able to expect confidentiality, parents still retain the legal right to know what their child discusses in counseling sessions should they choose to exercise that right.

Question 31

ELDER ABUSE

Answer 31

physical, sexual, or verbal abuse; financial exploitation; and neglect of a caregiver to provide proper care.

Question 32

Accreditation and the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)

Answer 32

Accreditation is a process that eligible educational institutions and organizations can elect to undergo (i.e., it is voluntary) to demonstrate that the institution meets set standards.

Question 33

Advocacy counseling

Answer 33

Supporting and promoting the needs of clients (e.g., individuals, groups, and communities) and the counseling profession at all levels (local, state, regional, and national).

Question 34

Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO)

Answer 34

health care organization that allows members to access health and mental health services at a lower cost than many standard health insurance plans. Although members often pay only a small fee per month, a frequent criticism is that they can visit only hospitals and providers that are part of their HMO’s network, and often they must receive a referral from their primary-care physician before visiting any specialists, including counselors.

Question 35

Liability Insurance

Answer 35

liability insurance has become a necessity for all counselors, counseling students, and counselor educators. In the event that professional counselors find themselves in a legal dispute or the subject of a complaint, having liability insurance can be instrumental in the protection of their assets and also greatly reduces the financial burden they may face if found guilty of malpractice or negligence.

Question 36

Licensure

Answer 36

Licensure in the counseling field emerged in the 1970s in an effort to validate the counseling profession by passing state laws controlling who could legally practice counseling (Wheeler & Bertram, 2015).

Question 37

National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC)

Answer 37

chief credentialing organization in the United States for professional counselors seeking certification.

Question 38

The American Counseling Association was originally named

Answer 38

American Personnel and Guidance Association.

Question 39

When working with an 8-year-old child in a nonschool setting, it is commonly necessary to obtain

Answer 39

assent from the child and informed consent from the parent.

Question 40

The Buckley Amendment is also known as the

Answer 40

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act.

Question 41

When a client discloses that she has been a victim of elder abuse, counselors

Answer 41

are commonly mandated to report to law enforcement.

Question 42

Each of the following statements is correct EXCEPT

Answer 42

counselors who hold a license from one state have reciprocity in every other state.