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Introduction to psychological Investigations Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 7 features of science

A 
objective
theoretical
empirical
rational
replicable
falsification
paradigm
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2
Q

objective

A

free from opinions

factual based

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3
Q

theoretical

A

to be theory based

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4
Q

empirical

A

to be based on evidence therefore its not just a theory

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5
Q

rational

A

to be logical - make sense consistent follows facts

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6
Q

replicable

A

to be able to make an exact copy of
so that the results are consistent and therefore reliable
guards against fruad

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7
Q

falsification

A

to prove a theory/hypothesis wrong by another theory

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8
Q

paradigm

A

something that psychology lacks

a general agreed followed principle understanding of a method

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9
Q

list the scientific process

A 
observations made
general truths/ theories to explain the observation
theories made about the observation
scientific predictions
hypothesis tested
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10
Q

what is peer review?

A

the process in which an article is assessed by people of the same field when submitting it for publication.

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11
Q

why is peer review important?

A

it helps make sure the article is of good quality
helps allocate research funding - to invest in establishing research projects that are most worthwhile
ensure relevance of the research
to suggest improvements/ amendments

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12
Q

single blind review research

A

single blind review research is where the participants in an investigation do not know the aim of the research conducted. This helps prevent any abnormal behaviour displayed when collecting evidence and also bias

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13
Q

double blind review research

A

the process in which neither the participant nor the researcher know the aim of the research being conducted
this helps ensure quality research that is not altered by bias when collecting results or abnormal behaviour within participants making the research as genuine and natural as possible to ensure authenticity of the research being conducted

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14
Q

Name the 7 BPS ethical guidelines

A 
informed consent
deception
protection from harm
privacy and confidentiality
withdrawal from an investigation
debrief
socially sensitive research
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15
Q

what is informed consent and how can this be overcome?

A

involves making participants aware that they are being studied. that they know about the aims of the research, the procedures , their right such as withdrawal and also what their data will be used for. Participants should then decide whether to partake in the research or not

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16
Q

what is deception and how can this be overcome?

A

deception is deliberately misleading or withholding information from participants. this can be overcome by again expressing the participant rights

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17
Q

what is protection from harm and how can this be overcome?

A

protection from harm is to do with both physical and psychological harm. this can be overcome by giving participants the right of withdrawal at any point and debriefing the participant

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18
Q

what is privacy and confidentiality and how can this be overcome?

A

keeping the participant data and not publishing anything personal - keeping them anonymous. this can be expressed in the consent letter where it should reassure participants that their data is safe

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19
Q

what is withdrawal from an investigation and how can this be overcome?

A

is having the right to leave the research at any point and your data collected not being used in the results of the study.

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20
Q

what is a debrief and how is does it work to ensure ethics?

A

a debrief is something that is done after an investigation where participants are told what the research was done for. again this helps reassure participants helping them leave the investigation with the same mindset they came in with

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21
Q

what is a socially sensitive research and how is does it work to ensure ethics?

A

socially sensitive research is research to do with sensitive topics such as race, gender or mental illness
privacy and confidentiality should be respected and the participants should be warned about the sensitive topic in the consent form and also should be reminded about their right of withdrawal

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22
Q

strengths and limitations of volunteer sampling :

A

easier to get participants

unrepresentative sample

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23
Q

strengths and limitations of stratified sampling :

A

avoids researcher bias

somewhat unrepresentative sample - cant reflect all the ways people are different

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24
Q

what is a naturalistic observation?

A

where observations take place in the setting or context the target behaviour would normally occur

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25
what are the benefits of a naturalistic observation?
high external validity - the target are in its natural environment so the findings will be more valid as it will not be altered by abnormal behaviour
26
what are the disadv of a naturalistic observation?
replication would be difficult as there is no control over the research situation - you have a different environment ethics can be questioned as the participants dont know they are being observed
27
what is controlled observation?
there is no control over the variables including manipulating environments
28
what are the benefits of a controlled observation?
replication can be done easily - control over behaviour in a way
29
what are the disadv of a controlled observation?
not in a naturalistic environment or situation - research may not be as valid
30
what is a participant observation?
where the observer becomes part of the target group to get a firsthand insight/account
31
what are the benefits of a participant observation?
more validity increased insights of the experiments comparisons between behaviour results can be made
32
what are the disadv of a participant observation?
objectivity may be lost - undetailed data line between being a researcher and being a participant may be blurred ethics - breach of privacy
33
what is a non-participant observation?
the observer is seperate from the targeted group
34
what are the benefits of a non-participant observation?
moe professional - less biased no breach of privacy
35
what are the disadv of a non-participant observation?
observations being made may be inaccurate due to the researcher having an outsider point of view. this could result in losing valuable insight
36
questionnaires benefits
cost and time effective - lots of data collected fast can be distributed to a large number of people - wider range of data little effort required - researcher does not need to be present straightforward answers that can be assessed into patterns easily
37
questionnaires disadv
may not be truthful answers limited answers not as detailed social desirability can affect results response bias - failing to read questions accurately
38
interview benefits
easy to replicate ethical - no breach of privacy easier to ask follow up questions and so easier to elaborate and explain
39
interview disadv
not as straightforward | feelings may affect accuracy of answers
40
what is correlational analysis?
to investigate the strength of a relationship between two variables
41
name the 4 ways of observation
naturalistic controlled participant non-participant
42
quantitative data is
is numerical data - something that gives an numerical answer
43
qualitative data is
is worded - something that gives a worded answer
44
what are the 5 ways of sampling
``` random opportunity volunteer stratified systematic ```
45
what is random sampling?
where the researcher selects participants randomly eg random name generator
46
what is opportunity sampling?
where the researcher chooses a group of people available to them
47
what is volunteer sampling?
where participants volunteer themselves
48
what is stratified sampling?
where the sample reflects equal proportions of sub - groups (strata) within the target population
49
what is systematic sampling?
involves selecting participants from a sampling frame at regular intervals
50
strengths and limitations of random sampling :
unbiased equal chance unrepresentative sample
51
strengths and limitations of opportunity sampling :
easier cost/time effective unrepresentative if the sample is picked from a specific area - generalisations cannot be made
52
strengths and limitations of systematic sampling :
avoids researcher bias fairly representative somewhat unrepresentative
53
covert
participants unaware that they are being studied
54
overt
participants are aware that they are being studied and have given their informed consent
55
positive correlations
where one variable increases the other variable increases
56
negative correlations
where one variable decreases the other variable decreases
57
what are the 4 main reasons we have ethical guidelines
To protect the reputation of psychology To build trust between the researcher and the participants To protect participants To further our understandings on human behaviour
58
What are the three reasons breaching an ethical guideline can be justified by
if the research furthers our understanding of human behaviour if the research predicts human behaviour is the findings lead to effective treatment and/or positive social change
59
variables
anything that can be controlled or measured
60
examples of variables
``` time age lightening stress levels gender height weight intelligence ```
61
independent variables
the variable being tested by being changed/controlled and is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable
62
dependent variables
the variable being tested or measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable
63
what does it mean to operationalise a variable?
to clearly define a variable in terms of how it can be measured for example studying aggression by measuring shouting
64
what is standardisation
using exactly the same formalised procedures for all participants in a research study
65
extraneous variables are
Extraneous variables are all variables, which are not the independent variable, but could affect the results of the experiment. The researcher wants to make sure that it is the manipulation of the independent variable that has an effect on the dependent variable.
66
confounding variables are
A confounding variable, also called a confounder or confounding factor, is a third variable in a study examining a potential cause-and-effect relationship. A confounding variable is related to both the supposed cause and the supposed effect of the study.
67
what is a lab experiment
a lab experiment is one that is carried out in a highly controlled environment
68
strengths of lab experiments
replicable - can be repeated to find the same or similar results
69
weaknesses of lab experiments
artificial lacks ecological validity - difficult to generalise results outside of the lab demand characteristics may influence findings consent deception may be needed
70
what is a natural experiment
the researcher does not control the independent variable. they occur naturally
71
what are the strengths of a natural experiment
reduced demand characteristics | ecological validity is improved
72
what are the weaknesses of a natural experiment
difficult to control confounding variables difficult to replicate lackl of consent confidentiality is breached
73
what is a quasi experiment
the
74
what are the strengths of a quasi experiment
under controlled circumstances - can be repeated
75
what are the weaknesses of a quasi experiment
demand characteristics | confidentiality and consent issues
76
demand characteristics mean...
when participants deliberately changes their behaviour to act favorably for the researcher
77
what type of variable is a demand characteristic
extraneous variable
78
what are the three things that make an experiment an experiment
variables - IV and DV having controlled variables cause and effect established
79
aim -
the purpose of your investigation
80
hypothesis
a prediction testable statement
81
directional hypothesis
tells us the direction of the investigation - where the results are going. tells us the difference between the conditions.
82
non - directional hypothesis
does not tell the direction of the experiment - tells us there will be a a difference but doesn't tell us the difference
83
null hypothesis
n
84
what does it mean by experimental design?
what you want the participants to do - How you intend for the research to be carried out the different ways in which the testing of participants can be organised in relation to the experimental conditions
85
Name the 3 experimental designs
repeated measures independent groups matched pairs
86
what are the strengths of repeated measures
less participants are required compared to independent groups and matched pairs
87
what are repeated measures?
Where the same participants are used in both conditions. The participants switch from taking part in condition A to condition B, where they experience both conditions
88
what are the limitations of repeated measures?
order effects - such as demand characteristics may alter results effects from previous condition may alter results acting as a variable
89
what are three order effects
fatigue boredom practice
90
How does counterbalancing overcome order effects?
Counterbalancing is a technique used to deal with order effects when using a repeated measures design. With counterbalancing, the participant sample is divided in half, with one half completing the two conditions in one order and the other half completing the conditions in the reverse order
91
what are independent groups
when participants are randomly allocated into different conditions when partaking in the same research. Each participant only experiences one condition
92
What are the strengths of using independent groups?
avoids bias high internal validation order effects dont influence
93
what are the limitations of using independent groups?
personal characteristic difference between the participants in each condition may reduce results validity more participants are needed
94
what are matched pairs?
where participants are split into two conditions. Each participant in condition A are matched with another participant in condition B by their similarities as a person. An assumption is made in treating two participants as one. Therefore, each participant only experiences one condition.
95
what are the strengths of using matched pairs?
order effects and demand characteristics dont influence findings
96
what are the limitations of using matched pairs?
matching participants may require a pre - test and so it can be time consuming and finding good matches may be expensive
97
Name 8 things that should be on a consent form
title of project a clear statement on the purpose of the study what participants will be asked to do what data will be recorded likely discomforts anonymity and confidentiality assurance withdrawal assurance clear statement showing that the participant has read and understood what they are agreeing to contact details for participants to discuss issues later
98
what is a field experiment?
The IV is in a natural, more day setting
99
what are the strengths of field experiments?
reduced demand characteristics | ecological validity is improved
100
what are the limitations of field experiments?
difficult to control confounding variables hard to replicate consent and confidentiality issues
101
when are non- directional hypothesis used?
when there is no previous research | or past research is unclear or contradictory

Psychology (3 decks)

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