Introduction to Psychopathology Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
Criteria for determining abnormality
A
- unusualness
- social deviance
- faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
- significant personal distress
- maladaptive behavior
- dangerousness
2
Q
Maladaptive behaviour
A
- cannot adapt to normal daily life.
- a threat to self and others
3
Q
Define: mental disorder
A
- a clinically significant disturbance in cognition,emotion regulation or behaviour
- usually associated with significant distress or disability.
4
Q
Demonic Possession
A
- symptoms of psychopathology result from being possessed by evil spirits.
- treated by exorcism
5
Q
Trephination
A
boring a hole into the skull to release demons responsible for abnormal behaviour.
6
Q
The Four Humors
A
Hippocrates believed that illnesses of the body and mind have natural causes. Galen proposed the links between temperament based on the four humours. Phlegm, Black bile, yellow bile, blood.
7
Q
Phlegm
A
Phlegmatic: calm, unemotional, lethargic
8
Q
Black bile
A
Melancholic: despondent, sleepless, irritable.
9
Q
Blood
A
Sanguine: confident, optimistic
10
Q
Yellow bile
A
Choleric: easily angered, bad tempered.
11
Q
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
A
stopped harsh practices of asylums. Used talking, understanding and concern
12
Q
Moral Treatment (Quaker Movement)
A
- abandoned medical practices.
- understanding, hope and moral responsibility
- occupational therapy
13
Q
General paresis
A
psychological symptoms include personality changes, mood changes and dementia
(caused by syphilis)
14
Q
Milieu therapy (1950s-1970s)
A
- supportive environment
- provides a sense of belonging, care and accountability
- vocational and recreational activities
- more likely to be discharged
- less likely to relapse.
15
Q
Token Economy (1950s-1970s)
A
- based on operant conditioning
- rewarded with tokens for desirable behaviour
- promote social skills, independence and self-care
- patients discharged sooner
- use has declined since 1980s
- because people have a right to basic items previously used as reinforcers
- not always practical at maintaining positive behaviour after being discharged
16
Q
Community Care
A
- enabling people to remain in their homes and be independent
- outpatient therapy
- daily living support
- day centres
- employment services
- peer support
17
Q
The Biological Model - Genetics
A
Diathesis (inherited predisposition or vulnerability to developing a disorder) + stress (environmental) = psychological disorder
18
Q
Frontal lobe in depression
A
decreased activation in prefrontal cortex - linked to goal attainment
19
Q
Hippocampus in depression
A
fear related stimuli
deficits- dissociating affective responses from context - eg feel sad independent of context
20
Q
Amygdala
A
fear response and emotional memory
- increased activation- prioritising threatening info and interpreting it negatively
21
Q
Neurotransmitter used in mood disorders
A
serotonin and norepinephrine
22
Q
Neurotransmitter used in anxiety disorders
A
norepinephrine and GABA
23
Q
Neurotransmitter used in schizophrenia
A
dopamine
24
Q
Neurotransmitter used in Alzheimer’s
A
acetylcholine
25
Critique of Biological model
- assumes something is 'broken' but the symptoms may be an extreme of normal behaviour
- the dysfunction is located within the individual
- ignores socio-economic and enviro factors
- cannot explain dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs
- stigmatising (self and other)
- person adopts a 'sick role'
26
The purpose of classification
- creates a common language for research and data sharing
- understands the causes of psychopathology
- develop effective treatment and prevention strategies
- assess the effectiveness of treatments
- organise services and support
- medical aid
27
Problems with classification
- labels can be stigmatising
- encourages adoption of a 'sick role'
- defines disorders as discrete entities (have it or you don't)
- high rates of comorbidity
28
Axis 1
Clinical disorders
29
Axis 2
Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation
30
Axis 3
General Medical Conditions
31
Axis 4
Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
32
Axis 5
Global Assessment of Functioning (GAS) Score
33
DSM-5 Cultural Consideration Aims
- enhance the cross-cultural applicability of the DSM
- increase awareness of the challenges involved in using the DSM to evaluate people from diverse cultures
- acknowledges the cultural differences in symptom presentation, expression of distress, course and prevalence
- avoid misdiagnosis
34
The Cultural Formulation Interview
to increase the clinician's understanding of the cultural context of illness experience
35
The Clinical Interview
- informal, unstructured or semi-structured conversation
- gain a broad insight into client and their problems
- assess the nature of symptoms
- info about history and current circumstances
- formulate treatment programme
36
Psychological tests
- most common form of assessment
- highly structured
- assess one or more specific characteristics
- rigid response requirements
- good reliability and validity
37
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
- originally used to assess personality characteristics indicative of psychopathology
- 3 broad domains, emotion, thought and behaviour
- 10 clinical scales- depression, paranoia, social introversion
- 15 content scales -eg anxiety, anger
- good reliability and validity
38
Specific Trait Inventories
- measures functioning in one specific area eg. anxiety, depression, social skills, cognitive functioning
- also used as a research tool for understanding causes of psychopathology
- eg. Beck's Depression Inventory
39
Projective Tests
- the person projects their unconscious desires and conflicts onto stimuli
- lower reliability and validity
- time consuming and needs expert training
40
Case Formulation
- use info to compile a psychological explanation of a client's problem
- ABC approach (Antecedents, Beliefs, Consequences)
- developed with client
41
6 components of Case Formulation
1. create a problem list
2. identify underlying psychological mechanisms
3. how do these mechanisms generate problems?
4. identify kinds of precipitating events
5. how do these precipitating events generate problems?
6. devise a treatment plan
42
Biological Model- Genetics
diathesis (inherited predisposition to develop a disorder) + stress (environmental) = psychological disorder
43
Neurotransmitters for mood disorders
serotonin and norepinephrine
44
Neurotransmitters for anxiety disorders
norepinephrine and GABA
45
Neurotransmitters for schizophrenia
dopamine
46
Neurotransmitters for alzheimer's
acetylcholine
47
Drug treatments for depression
- tricyclics eg trepeline
- SSRIs
- MAOIs
48
antidepressent drugs side effects
- nausea
- dry mouth
- drowsiness
- insomnia
- sweating
- decreased sexual response
49
Drug treatments for bipolar disorder
- controls mood swings
- lithium
- anti-epileptic agents
50
Drug treatments for anxiety
Anxiolytic drugs:
- benzodiazepines (valium)
- buspirone
- SNRIs
51
side effects of anxiety drugs
- drowisness
- light-headedness
- dry mouth
- depression
- insomnia
- confusion
- highly addictive
52
drug treatments for schizophrenia
- olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine
| - life long dosage
53
side effects of antipsychotic drugs
- blurred vision
- muscle spasms
- cardiac problems
- weight gain
54
Problems with drug treatments
- overprescribed
- not suitable for mild symptoms
- relapse rate high when medication stops
- does not address psychological, cognitive and social factors
55
Critique of Biological Model
- ignores socio-economic and enviro factors
- doesnt explain dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs
- stigmatising
- adoption of 'sick role'
- assumes something is 'broken' but symptoms may be extreme form of 'normal' behaviour
56
Psychodynamic Perspective
- Sigmund Freud
- psychological disorders are rooted in unconscious conflicts stemming from early childhood experiences
- need to reveal these conflicts to reduce symtoms
57
Id
instinctual needs, pleasure principle
58
Ego
attempts to control the impulses of id
| reality principle
59
Superego
develops out of the id and ego
| societal values
60
Psychoanalysis aim
reveal unconscious conflicts causing symptoms of psychopathology
(free association, dream analysis, interpretation, transference, resistance)
61
The Behavioural Model
- the behaviour needs to change, it is not the symptom of an underlying cause
- dysfunctional and adaptive behaviours are learnt
- person can unlearn maladaptive behaviours and emotions
62
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov - learning association between 2 stimuli
63
Operant Conditioning
Skinner
| learning a specific behaviour or response because it has rewarding or reinforcing consequences
64
Classical Conditioning Therapies- Exposure therapy
aim- to decrease the conditioned fear response associated with a specific cue
-If the feared object is repeatedly paired with absence of trauma or relaxation it will no longer elicit a fear response
65
Classical Conditioning Therapies- flooding, systematic desensitisation and aversion therapy
used to treat PTSD, phobias and OCD
66
Flooding
repeated exposure to highly distressing stimuli
67
Systematic Desensitisation
- overcome fears though gradual and systematic exposure
| - thoughts or events paired with relaxation
68
Aversion Therapy
-conditions an aversion to a stimulus
-stimulus is paired with an aversive stimulus
-results in an aversive conditioned response
(eg alcohol)
69
Operant Conditioning Therapy Aims
- understand the factors reinforcing a person's inappropriate behaviours
- use reinforcers or rewards to establish new/appropriate behaviours
- used to treat PTSD, OCD, phobias
70
Functional Analysis
- identify factors triggering the behaviour
- identify consequences of maintaining the behaviour
ABC
A-Antecedent
B-Behaviour
C-Consequence
71
The Cognitive Perspective
- Symptoms of psychopathology are caused by irrational beliefs and dysfunctional ways of thinking
- These beliefs and cognitions can also maintain symptoms
- Aim of therapy – identify, challenge and replace dysfunctional beliefs and thoughts
72
Rational Emotional Therapy (Ellis)
-irrational assumptions result in distress, anxiety and depression
-aim: to challenge irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational ones
ABCDEF approach
73
ABCDEF of Rational Emotional Therapy
```
Activating event
Belief
Consequences
Disputing intervention
Effective philosophy
new Feelings
```
74
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Aim – to improve emotional well-being by increasing a person’s awareness of how their automatic cognitive and behavioural reactions can cause distress
75
Cognitive Therapy (Aaron Beck)
Aim of therapy:
- Help the person to become conscious of these beliefs
- Asking them to provide evidence for these beliefs
- Replace these beliefs with more rational cognitive schemas
- uses diaries, homework
76
Family Therapy (Salvador Minuchin)
- locus of pathology is in the context of the family, not the individual
- families that are overprotective, stifling independence, rigidity, poor problem solving
77
Family Therapy aim
- To understand the complex relationships that exist between family members
- To understand the function of the presenting symptoms
- To remould these relationships so that the family can function more effectively
- To improve communication between family members
- To resolve specific conflicts
78
The Humanistic Perspective
- consider the whole person not only their symptoms
- believe people are essentially good
- problems arise when obstacle prevent a person from realising their full potential
79
Carl Roger's Personality Theory
-self-concept: the picture a person has of themselves and the values they attach to themselves
-ideal self: the self-concept a person would like to have.
-should be in harmony
-To understand the complex relationships that exist between family members
To understand the function of the presenting symptoms
To remould these relationships so that the family can function more effectively
To improve communication between family members
To resolve specific conflicts
80
Roger's Client-Centred Therapy
- If people are unrestricted by fears and conflicts they will develop into happy, well-adjusted individuals
- Goal – to develop the client to a point where they are successful in experiencing and accepting themselves and are able to resolve their own conflicts and difficulties
- The therapist provides a supportive emotional climate
81
The Four Stages of DBT (Dialectical Behaviour Therapy) for BPD
1. Address dangerous and impulsive behaviours
2. Moderate extreme emotions
3. Improve self-esteem and the person’s ability to deal with relationships
4. Promote positive emotions such as happiness
82
Zen Philosophy
- Letting go of attachments to what you think reality should be like
- Finding a middle path through acceptance, self-validation and tolerance
- Focusing on the present moment, accepting reality as it is, without judgement
- Mindfulness
83
Distress Tolerance
- Designed to help people deal with overwhelming emotions, thoughts and situations
- Used to temporarily ride out an emotional storm:
1. Acceptance and validation
2. Distraction
3. Self-soothing
84
Interpersonal Effectiveness
-Objective effectiveness (DEAR MAN)
(Describe, Express, Assert, Reinforce, Mindfully, Appear confident, Negotiate)
-Relationship effectiveness
-Self-respect effectiveness
