Introduction to Software Engineering(zh,en)

Question 1

软件工程的定义(Definition of software engineering)

Answer 1

软件工程是将科学原理应用于软件设计和创建的过程(Software engineering is the application of scientific principles to the design and creation of software.)

Question 2

软件工程的发展阶段(Evolution stages of software engineering)

Answer 2

早期阶段（1950s末），形成期（1960s初），软件危机（1960s中-1970s），解决阶段（1980s中），现代软件工程（1990s至今）。(Early stage (late 1950s), formation (early 1960s), software crisis (mid-1960s to 1970s), solution stage (mid-1980s), modern software engineering (since 1990s).)

Question 3

CASE工具是什么(What is CASE tool?)

Answer 3

CASE即Computer-Aided Software Engineering，指计算机辅助软件工程的各种工具。(CASE stands for Computer-Aided Software Engineering, referring to various tools assisting software engineering.)

Question 4

SDLC的六个关键阶段(Six key stages of SDLC)

Answer 4

需求收集、系统设计、编码开发、测试验证、发布上线、编写文档。(Requirements gathering, system design, coding/development, testing/validation, release/deployment, documentation.)

Question 5

SDLC的好处(Benefits of SDLC)

Answer 5

提高开发效率，降低项目风险，明确各方角色和分工，促进沟通和协作。(Improves development efficiency, reduces risks, clarifies roles and responsibilities, promotes communication and collaboration.)

Question 6

常见的软件开发生命周期模型(Common SDLC models)

Answer 6

瀑布模型（Waterfall）、V型模型（V-Shape）、敏捷开发（Agile）。(Waterfall, V-Shape, Agile.)

Question 7

语义化版本号的组成(Components of semantic versioning)

Answer 7

主版本号（重大变更）、次版本号（小改进）、补丁号（修复）、可选的构建号/日期。(Major version (breaking changes), minor version (feature improvements), patch version (bug fixes), optional build/date.)

Question 8

软件测试三大类型(Three main types of software testing)

Answer 8

功能测试（黑盒）、非功能测试（性能/安全等）、回归测试（检查改动是否影响原功能）。(Functional (black box), non-functional (performance, security, etc.), regression (check changes don’t break old features).)

Question 9

软件测试的四个层级(Four levels of software testing)

Answer 9

单元测试、集成测试、系统测试、验收测试。(Unit test, integration test, system test, acceptance test.)

Question 10

软件文档的两大类(Two types of software documentation)

Answer 10

产品文档（描述功能和特性）、流程文档（指导流程和操作）。(Product documentation (features), process documentation (procedures).)

Question 11

常见软件工程团队角色(Common roles in a software engineering team)

Answer 11

项目经理/SM、利益相关者、架构师、UX设计师、开发者、测试/QA、SRE/运维、产品经理、技术文档撰写者。(Project manager/Scrum Master, stakeholder, architect, UX designer, developer, tester/QA, SRE/Ops, product manager, technical writer.)

Question 12

前端开发三大技术(Three core technologies for front-end development)

Answer 12

HTML（结构）、CSS（样式）、JavaScript（交互）。(HTML (structure), CSS (style), JavaScript (interaction).)

Question 13

常见JavaScript框架(Common JavaScript frameworks)

Answer 13

Angular、React.js、Vue.js。(Angular, React.js, Vue.js.)

Question 14

后端常用语言/框架(Common backend languages/frameworks)

Answer 14

JavaScript(Node.js/Express)、Python(Django/Flask)。(JavaScript (Node.js/Express), Python (Django/Flask).)

Question 15

API的作用(Purpose of API)

Answer 15

API用于前后端或系统间的数据读写，常用JSON或XML格式，拥有固定结构和规则。(APIs are used for reading/writing data between frontend and backend or between systems, often using JSON or XML format.)

Question 16

什么是路由（Route）(What is a route?)

Answer 16

用户访问页面/网站的路径，接收输入并返回结果。(A route is the URL path a user visits; it receives input and returns results.)

Question 17

端点（Endpoint）的定义(Definition of endpoint)

Answer 17

处理特定请求的API或路径。(An endpoint is an API or path that handles a specific request.)

Question 18

常见协作编程方式(Common collaborative programming styles)

Answer 18

Pairing（Driver/Navigator）、Ping-Pong（TDD结合）、Strong Style（新手为Driver，经验者为Navigator）。(Pair programming (Driver/Navigator), Ping-Pong (with TDD), Strong Style (experienced navigator, novice driver).)

Question 19

Library与Framework区别(Difference between library and framework)

Answer 19

Library可按需调用、灵活，Framework决定项目结构和流程、控制反转（IoC）。(A library is called as needed and is flexible; a framework defines project structure/flow and inverts control (IoC).)

Question 20

CI/CD的作用(Purpose of CI/CD)

Answer 20

持续集成和持续部署，提高开发自动化效率，减少人为操作。(Continuous integration and deployment improves automation efficiency and reduces manual work.)

Question 21

什么是Package Manager(What is a package manager?)

Answer 21

包管理器如Homebrew、RubyGems等，用于统一安装、管理依赖包。(Tools like Homebrew or RubyGems for installing/managing dependencies.)

Question 22

软件技术栈三层结构(Three layers of a software technology stack)

Answer 22

展示层（前端）、业务逻辑层、数据层。(Presentation (frontend), business logic, and data layer.)

Question 23

编译型与解释型语言区别(Difference between compiled and interpreted languages)

Answer 23

编译型需先编译再运行，解释型可直接运行。Swift有REPL模式，Python自动编译但更偏解释型。(Compiled: code is built before running; interpreted: runs directly. Swift has REPL; Python is auto-compiled but acts interpreted.)

Question 24

程序的本质(Essence of a program)

Answer 24

程序=指令+数据，布尔逻辑和变量是基础。(Program = instructions + data; Boolean logic and variables are the foundation.)

Question 25

常见控制结构(Common control structures)

Answer 25

分支：if/else/switch；循环：while/for/do-while。(Branching: if/else/switch; looping: while/for/do-while.)

Question 26

什么是标识符（identifier）(What is an identifier?)

Answer 26

变量、常量、函数、类、方法等名称统称标识符。(Name for variables, constants, functions, classes, methods, etc.)

Question 27

容器类型（container）(What is a container type?)

Answer 27

如array、vector，存储多个元素的数据结构。(Data structures like arrays or vectors that store multiple elements.)

Question 28

模块化编程思想(Concept of modular programming)

Answer 28

通过function将代码拆解为多个模块化组件，每个完成特定任务。(Break code into functional modules, each handling a specific task.)

Question 29

内建函数与自定义函数区别(Difference between built-in and user-defined functions)

Answer 29

内建函数由语言提供，自定义函数由开发者定义。(Built-in functions are provided by the language; user-defined are written by developers.)

Question 30

OOP和面向过程编程最大区别(Main difference between OOP and procedural programming)

Answer 30

面向过程编程注重函数，OOP将数据和行为打包为对象。(Procedural: focuses on functions; OOP: packages data and behavior as objects.)

Question 31

对象的状态和行为(Object's state and behavior)

Answer 31

属性（变量）描述状态，方法（函数）描述行为。(State: described by attributes; behavior: defined by methods.)

Question 32

类与对象的关系(Relationship between class and object)

Answer 32

类是对象的蓝图/模板，对象是类的实例。(Class is the blueprint/template; object is an instance.)

Question 33

软件架构的本质(Essence of software architecture)

Answer 33

软件架构本质是代码的组织方式（Organization）。(It’s how code is organized (organization).)

Question 34

高内聚与低耦合(High cohesion & low coupling)

Answer 34

高内聚：相关功能组合在一起；低耦合：模块间依赖最小化。(High cohesion: related functions grouped; low coupling: minimal inter-module dependency.)

Question 35

UML用途(Purpose of UML)

Answer 35

UML用于用可视化方式表达系统结构与行为，如类图、时序图、状态图。(UML visually describes system structure/behavior, e.g., class, sequence, and state diagrams.)

Question 36

类与对象关系(Class-object relationship)

Answer 36

类是对象的蓝图，对象是类的实例。类可继承，形成层级关系。(Class is blueprint, object is instance; classes can inherit, forming hierarchies.)

Question 37

组件和服务的区别(Difference between component and service)

Answer 37

服务是组件的特例，通常为唯一、持续运行的实例，组件可以组成服务。(Service is a special component, usually unique and always running; components can make up a service.)

Question 38

架构模式(Architectural patterns)

Answer 38

如客户端-服务器、三层架构、点对点、事件驱动等。(Client-server, three-tier, peer-to-peer, event-driven, etc.)

Question 39

分布式系统的优点(Benefits of distributed systems)

Answer 39

提升系统可扩展性和可用性，支持横向扩展。(Increases scalability, availability, and supports horizontal scaling.)

Question 40

适合软件工程师的特质(Traits suitable for software engineers)

Answer 40

善于解决问题，具备分析型思维。(Good at problem-solving, analytical thinker.)

Question 41

软件工程师的主要工作内容(Main responsibilities of software engineers)

Answer 41

业务逻辑开发和用户界面开发。(Business logic and UI development.)

Question 42

senior和junior软件工程师的区别(Difference between senior and junior software engineers)

Answer 42

高级工程师能独立做好规划与设计，初级多参与具体开发实现。(Seniors plan/design independently; juniors mainly participate in implementation.)

Question 43

软件工程师所需技能(Skills required for software engineers)

Answer 43

编程、架构设计、团队协作、持续学习等。(Coding, architecture, teamwork, continuous learning, etc.)

Question 44

软件工程师就业前景(Job outlook for software engineers)

Answer 44

行业需求大，发展空间广阔，适合有技术兴趣者长期发展。(High demand, broad prospects; suitable for long-term technical careers.)