Introduction to Statistics

Question 1

are collections of software designed to aid in statistical analysis and data exploration

Answer 1

Statistical Packages

Question 2

The vast majority of quantitative and statistical analysis relies upon statistical packages for its execution.

Answer 2

Statistical Packages

Question 3

is that the branch of science which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

Answer 3

Statistics

Question 4

Statistics Aids in Decision Making
Statistics Summarizes Data for Public Use

Answer 4

Nature of Statistics
General Uses of Statistics

Question 5

Statistics Aids in Decision Making

Answer 5

• provides comparison
• explains action that has taken place
• justify a clain or assertion
• predicts future outcomes
• estimates unknown quantities

Question 6

Fields of Statistics

Answer 6

*Statistical Methods of Applied Statistics
*Statistical Theory of Mathematical Statistics

Question 7

refer to procedures and techniques used in the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

Answer 7

Statistical Methods of Applied Statistics

Question 8

deals with the development and exposition of theories that serve as bases of statistical methods

Answer 8

Statistical Theory of Mathematical Statistics

Question 9

2 Statistical Methods of Applied Statistics

Answer 9

Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics

Question 10

methods concerned with the collection, description, and analysis of a set of data without drawing conclusions or inferences about larger set

Answer 10

Descriptive Statistics

Question 11

methods concerned with the collection, description, and analysis of a set of data without drawing conclusions or inferences about larger set

Answer 11

Descriptive Statistics

Question 12

conclusions apply only to the data on hand

Answer 12

Descriptive Statistics

Question 13

methods concerned with making predictions or inferences about a larger set of data using only the information gathered from a subset of this larger set

Answer 13

Inferential Statistics

Question 14

conclusions are applicable to a larger set of data which the data on hand is only a subset

Answer 14

Inferential Statistics

Question 15

is a collection of all elements under consideration in a statistical study

Answer 15

Population

Question 16

is a part or subset of the population from which the information is collected

Answer 16

Sample

Question 17

is a numerical characteristic of population

Answer 17

Parameter

Question 18

is a numerical characteristic of the sample

Answer 18

Statistic

Question 19

Collection and Presentation of Data
Steps in Statistical Inquiry

Answer 19

*Define the problem
*Formulate the research design
*Collect the data
*Code and analyze the collected data
*Interpret the results

Question 20

Variables and Measurement

Answer 20

*Variable
*Measurement
*Experimental Unit

Question 21

is a characteristic or attribute of person or objects which can assume different values or labels for different persons or objects under consideration

Answer 21

Variable

Question 22

is the process of determining the value or label of a particular variable for the particular experimental unit

Answer 22

Measurement

Question 23

is the individual or object on which a variable is measured

Answer 23

Experimental unit

Question 24

Classicfication of Variables

Answer 24

Discrete and Continuous
Qualitative vs Quantitative

Question 25

a variable which can assume finite, or, at most, countable infinite number of values

Answer 25

Discrete Variable

Question 26

usually measured by counting or enumeration

Answer 26

Discrete Variable

Question 27

a variable which can assume infinitely many values corresponding to a line interval

Answer 27

Continuous Variable

Question 28

a variable that yields categorical responses (e.g. political affiliation, occupation, marital status)

Answer 28

Qualitative Variable

Question 29

a variable that takes on numerical values representing an amount or quantity (e.g. weight, height, number of cars)

Answer 29

Quantitative Variable

Question 30

Levels of Measurement

Answer 30

*Nominal Level *Ordinal Level *Interval Level *Ratio Level

Question 31

is the weakest level of measurement where numbers or symbols are used to simplify for categorizing subjects into different groups

Answer 31

Nominal Level

Question 32

measurement contains the properties of the nominal level, and in addition, the number assigned to categories of any variable maybe ranked or ordered in some low-to-high manner

Answer 32

Ordinal Level

Question 33

measurement which has the properties of the nominal and ordinal levels, and in addition the distance between any two numbers on the scale are of known sizes.

Answer 33

Interval Level

Question 34

scale must have a common and constant unit of measurement. Furthermore, the unit of measurement is arbitrary and there is no "true zero" point.

Answer 34

Interval Level

Question 35

measurement contains all the properties of the interval level, and in addition, it has a "true zero" point

Answer 35

Ratio Level

Question 36

measurement contains all the properties of the interval level, and in addition, it has a "true zero" point

Answer 36

Ratio Level

Question 37

Classification of Data

Answer 37

Primary vs Secondary External vs Internal

Question 38

Data measured by the researcher/agency that published it

Answer 38

Primary Data

Question 39

any republication of data by another agency

Answer 39

Secondary Data

Question 40

information that relates to the operations and functions of the organization collecting data

Answer 40

Internal Data

Question 41

information that relates to some activity outside the organization collecting the data

Answer 41

External Data

Question 42

Data Collecting Methods

Answer 42

*Survey Method *Observation Method *Experimental Method *Use of Existing Studies *Registration Method

Question 43

questions are asked to obtain information, either through self-administered questionnaire or personal interview

Answer 43

Survey Method

Question 44

makes possible the recording of the behavior but only at the time of occurrence

Answer 44

Observation Method

Question 45

a method design for collecting data under controlled conditions

Answer 45

Experimental Method

Question 46

e.g. census, health statistics, and weather bureau reports

Answer 46

Use of Existing Studies

Question 47

2 types of Use of Existing Studies

Answer 47

*Documentary sources *Field Sources

Question 48

published or written reports, periodicals, unpublished documents, etc.

Answer 48

Documentary Sources

Question 49

researchers who have done studies on the area of interest are asked personally or directly for information needed

Answer 49

Field Sources

Question 50

e.g. car registration, student registration, and hospital admission

Answer 50

Registration Method

Question 51

General Classification of Collecting Data

Answer 51

*Census or Complete Enumeration *Survey Sampling

Question 52

is the process of gathering information from every unit in the population

Answer 52

Census or Complete Enumeration

Question 53

*not always possible to get timely , accurate and economical data *costly, especially if the number of units in the population is too large

Answer 53

Census or Complete Enumeration

Question 54

is the process of obtaining information from the units in the selected sample

Answer 54

Survey Sampling

Question 55

Advantages of Survey Sampling

Answer 55

*reduced cost *greater speed *greater scope *greater accuracy