Introduction to statistics

Question 1

[used with a plural verb] Facts or data, either numerical or
non numerical, organized and summarized so as to
provide useful and accessible information about a
particular subject.

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

[used with a singular verb] the science of organizing and
summarizing numerical or non numerical information

Answer 2

Statistics

Question 3

The collection of numerical information often leads to
large masses of data which, if they are to be understood,
or presented effectively, must be summarised and
analysed in some way.

Answer 3

Statistics

Question 4

The art of learning from data. It is concerned with the
collection of data, their subsequent description, and their
analysis, which often leads to the drawing of conclusions.

Answer 4

Statistics

Question 5

The collection of all individuals or items
under consideration in a statistical study.

Answer 5

Population

Question 6

That part of the population from which
information is obtained

Answer 6

Sample

Question 7

Two types of statistics

Answer 7

descriptive and inferential

Question 8

Concerns the summarization of data. This entails
calculating numbers from the data, called
descriptive measures, such as percentages, sums,
averages, and so forth.

Answer 8

Descriptive Statistics

Question 9

A conclusion drawn about the population
from which the data originated. In which data collected from a “sample”
population is used to infer properties of a larger
population. Consists of methods for drawing and measuring
the reliability of conclusions about a population

Answer 9

Inferential Statistics

Question 10

Descriptive statistics and Inferential
statistics are

Answer 10

Interrelated

Question 11

Aims to describe a chunk of raw data using
summary statistics, graphs, and tables

Answer 11

Descriptive statistics

Question 12

It uses samples to draw
inferences about larger populations

Answer 12

Inferential statistics

Question 13

The tools used in inferential statistics:

Answer 13

•hypothesis testing
•regression analysis

Question 14

used to test whether a hypothesis about a
population is true or not

Answer 14

hypothesis testing

Question 15

the purpose of the study is to examine and explore
information for its own intrinsic interest only

Answer 15

descriptive

Question 16

the information is obtained from a sample of a
population and the purpose of the study is to use that
information to draw conclusions about the population

Answer 16

inferential

Question 17

types of data

Answer 17

•quantitative data
•qualitative data

Question 18

___ is any piece of collected
information

Answer 18

datum

Question 19

is a collection of
data related to each other in some way

Answer 19

data set

Question 20

Are any data that measure or are associated with a measurement
of the quantity of something. They invariably assume numerical values

Answer 20

Quantitative data

Question 21

2 categories of quantitative data:

Answer 21

•discrete data
•continuous data

Question 22

It take values in a finite or countably infinite set of
numbers, that is, all possible values could (at least in principle)
be written down in an ordered list.

Answer 22

Discrete data

Question 23

It take values in an interval of numbers. These
are also known as scale data, interval data, or measurement
data

Examples: height, weight, length, time, etc.

Answer 23

Continuous data

Question 24

It take values in an interval of numbers. These
are also known as scale data, interval data, or measurement
data

Examples: height, weight, length, time, etc.
They are often characterized by fractions or decimals: 3.82,
7.0001

Answer 24

Continuous data

Question 25

Are any type of data that are not a numerical, or do not represent numerical quantities. Examples: subject’s name, gender, race/ethnicity, political party, socioeconomic status, class rank, driver’s license number, and social security number.

Answer 25

Qualitative data

Question 26

2 types of factors of qualitative data

Answer 26

•nominal •ordinal

Question 27

What do you call the possible values of a factor?

Answer 27

Levels

Question 28

Factors that have levels that correspond to names of the categories with no implied ordering. (hair, gender, race or political party)

Answer 28

Nominal

Question 29

Factors that have some sort of ordered structure to the underlying factor levels. (socioeconomic status; levels: income, education and occupation, class rank, cancer stage)

Answer 29

Ordinal

Question 30

Factors that have some sort of ordered structure to the underlying factor levels. (socioeconomic status; levels: income, education and occupation, class rank, cancer stage)

Answer 30

Ordinal

Question 31

It normally has columns which show the class intervals, class mid-points, class frequencies, and cumulative frequencies, the last of these being a running total of the frequencies themselves.

Answer 31

Grouped frequency distribution table

Question 32

What table is being constructed from the raw data without having first arranged the values in rank order?

Answer 32

Tallied frequencies

Question 33

___ shows, at a glance, how many items in the data are less than a specified value

Answer 33

cumulative frequency

Question 34

It is sometimes more useful to use the ratio of the cumulative frequency to the total number of observations. This ratio is called the ___

Answer 34

relative cumulative frequency

Question 35

It presents each distinct value along with its frequency of occurrence.

Answer 35

frequency table

Question 36

A diagram which is directly related to a grouped frequency distribution table and consists of a collection of rectangles whose height represents the class frequency (to some suitable scale) and whose breadth represents the class width.

Answer 36

Histogram

Question 37

A diagram which is directly related to a grouped frequency distribution table and consists of a collection of rectangles whose height represents the class frequency (to some suitable scale) and whose breadth represents the class width.

Answer 37

Histogram

Question 38

Data from a frequency table can be graphically pictured by a line graph, which plots the successive values on the horizontal axis and indicates the corresponding frequency by the height of a vertical line.

Answer 38

Line graph

Question 39

Sometimes the frequencies are represented not by lines but rather by bars having some thickness. These graphs, called bar graphs, are often utilized.

Answer 39

Bar graph

Question 40

Another type of graph used to represent a frequency table is the frequency polygon, which plots the frequencies of the different data values and then connects the plotted points with straight lines.

Answer 40

Frequency polygon

Question 41

Another type of graph used to represent a frequency table is the ___, which plots the frequencies of the different data values and then connects the plotted points with straight lines.

Answer 41

Frequency polygon

Question 42

A plot of the relative frequencies looks exactly like a plot of the absolute frequencies, except that the labels on the vertical axis are the old labels divided by the total number of observations in the data set.

Answer 42

Relative frequency graphs

Question 43

A plot of the relative frequencies looks exactly like a plot of the absolute frequencies, except that the labels on the vertical axis are the old labels divided by the total number of observations in the data set.

Answer 43

Relative Frequency Graphs

Question 44

It is often used to plot relative frequencies when the data are nonnumeric.

Answer 44

Pie charts

Question 45

It is used to show the relationship between two variables. It is the most accurate way to display correlations, as illustrated in the example below. However, some analysts prefer to use bar charts, as scatter plots can be difficult to interpret.

Answer 45

Scatter plot